685 



SAURY. 



SAXICOLA. 



686 



well known, but they seem to be the representatives of the peppers 

 in colder climates ; and on account of their less- exposure to light, their 

 secretions are not so strong, and their properties not so active, as their 

 allies in the tropics. 



Saururut ccrnutls. 



a, branch, with leaves and spikes of flowers ; b, a naked flower seated on its 

 bract ; e, transverse section of fruit ; d, section of fruit, showing the seed, with 

 large albumen and the embryo in its permanent sac ; e, the seed. 



SAURY. [Esox.] 



SAUSSURE A , a genus of Composite Plants belonging to the sub- 

 order Cynaroccphalea. The florets are all hermaphrodite aud tubular ; 

 the anthers with ciliated setae at the base ; the involucre is imbricated 

 and unarmed, the receptacle scaly ; the pappus in 2 rows, the outer 

 one consisting of abort rough bristles, the inner one feathery. 



S, alpina baa a stem from 3 to 12 inches high, erect, downy, and 

 simple, terminating in a small corymb of heads with pinkish florets 

 and purple anthers; the leaves are nearly glabrous above, cottony 

 beneath, the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones sessile-lanceo- 

 late, all distantly-toothed, the heads in a dense corymb, the involucre 

 subcylindrical, with depressed hairy scales. This is the only British 

 species. It is found in alpine situations. 



(Babington, Manual of JiritM Botany.) 



SAUSSURITE, a Mineral, also called Axe-filone, Jade. It occurs 

 massive. Cleavage parallel to the faces of a rhombic prism. Fracture 

 splintery. Hardness 6'5. Extremely tough. Colour greenish and 

 grayish-white. Streak white. Lustre pearly, inclining to vitreous on 

 the faces of cleavage. Nearly opaque, but translucent on the edges. 

 Specific gravity 3'2 to 3'4. Before the blow-pipe it fuses with difficulty 

 into a white glass. It was discovered on the edge of the Lake of 

 Geneva by Saussure in rounded masses. It has also been found in 

 Styria, Corsica, and at Madras. Its analysis by Saussure gives : 



Silica 



Alumina 



Soda . 



Lime 



Oxide of Iron 



U 

 30 



6 



4 

 12-5 



-96'5 



SAUVAGE'SIACE/E, Sauvagcadt, a natural order of Plants formed 

 by Barlliug, and consisting only of the genus Saurayesia, of which 

 there are six or seven species. Another genus, Luxcmburyia, was 

 referred to tliis order by Bartling, but this has been placed by De 

 t'andolle in l-'ranktniacete. Liudley, in his ' Natural System,' makes 

 8auvar/tiiai a sub-order of Violame, from which, he observes, it is 

 principally distinguished " by the stamens being opposite the petals, 

 by the anthers not having a membranous termination, by the presence 

 of five hypogynous scale*, and by their fruit having a septicidal 

 dehiscence, so that the seeds adhere to the edges and not the centre 

 of the valves, and by the strongly-ribbed and imbricated calyx." This 

 last character gives them a relation to Jlypericacca, but from this 

 order they differ in their parietal placenta) and the presence of stipules. 

 They are natives of the tropical parts of South America, growing in 

 moist meadows and the vicinity of streams. The genus Sauvayetia, 

 named after the celebrated physician Sauvagea, is characterised by 

 possessing 3 rows of petals ; the outer petals 5, ovate or oblong, 

 spreading, deciduous ; the interme<liate ones filiform, variable in 

 number ; the interior 5 opposite the outer, erect, converging into a 

 tube much smaller ; calyx deeply 5-parted, and a capsule inclosed in 



the permanent floral organs, more or less deeply 3-valved and many- 

 seeded. One of the species, S. erecta, Upright Sauvagesia, is held in 

 great repute as a medicine in South America. It is very mucilaginous, 

 and has a bitter taste. It is used in Brazil in diseases of the eye, and 

 in Peru and the West Indies it is employed in slight inflammatory 

 affections of the mucous membranes of the bladder and intestines. 



SAUVEGARDE. [TEID.R] 



SA'VACOU. [BOAT-BILL.] 



SAVI'GNIUM. [ClBBIPEDIA. 

 SAVIN. [JUNIPERUS.] 



SAW-FISH. [SQUALID.E.] 



SAWWORT. [SERRATULA.] 



SAXI'CAVA. [LiTHOPHAGiDi;.] 



SAXICOLA, a genus of Insessorial Dentriostral Birds belonging to 

 the family Sylviadoe. Three British species belong to this genus as 

 now constituted, the Stonechat, the Wheatear, and the Whinchat. 

 This genus has the following characters : Beak straight, slender, 

 the base rather broader than high, surrounded with a few stiff hairs ; 

 the superior ridge of the upper mandible prominent, the sides towards 

 the point compressed ; the point itself curved and indented. Nostrils 

 basal, lateral, oval, half closed by a membrane. Wings : the first quill- 

 feather about half as long as the second ; the second shorter than the 

 third or fourth, which are the longest in the wing. Feet : the tarsus 

 rather long, three toea in front, one behind j the outer toe connected 

 by a membrane to the middle toe ; claw of the hind toe short, strong, 

 and curved. (Yarrell.) 



S. rubicola, the Stouechat. This is the Traquet Rubicole and Moteux 

 Traquet of the French ; Saltabastone, Zompa-cardi, and Saltinpalo of 

 the Italians; Schwarzkehliger Steinschmatzer of the Germans; Cloch- 

 der y Cerrig of the Welsh ; and Stonechatter, Stonesmith, Stoneamich, 

 Stoneclink, and Moor-Titling of the English. 



The old male in summer plumage has the head, throat, back, and 

 small coverts of the wings perfect black ; but each feather very finely 

 bordered with ruddy brown ; a great white spot on the sides of the 

 neck, on the upper part of the wings, and on the rump. Breast deep 

 ruddy, lower parts very bright ruddy ; wings brown bordered with 

 brighter brown ; base of all the tail-feathers white, the rest of a blackish 

 brown. Length 4 inches 4 or 5 lines. 



Male after the Autumnal Moult. Wider ruddy borders at the end 

 of the feathers on the throat ; those of the nape and the back fringed 

 with large borders of that colour ; breast bright ruddy, the rest of 

 the lower part of the body clear Isabella colour ; wider borders on the 

 quill", and the end of the tail ruddyish. 



N. 



Stonechat (Saxicvla rulicola}. 

 Lower figure, male ; upper figure, female, iu perfect plumage. 



