SCARBROITE. 



SC'HEUCUZERIA. 



Of the genen mentioned, we possess no llritish example* of the 

 finl, or ScaralxTiu proper (or Atcufkiu, according to some author*). 

 The sped** of thii group are confined to the warmer part* of the Old 

 World. The species of the genus Oopru, OMhopkagtu, and Ampkodiia, 

 are of uuirenal distribution, if we except Australia, where we are not 

 aware that the first of these genera occur*. The species of PkaHcetu 

 are almost entirely confined to the warm parts of South America, the 

 only exceptions occurring in North America. 



The species of the second great section of the ScaralxfiJa (the 

 Artmicoli) are distinguished by their having the mandibles horny and 

 usually projecting ; the lobe of the maxilln is straight ; the terminal 

 joint of the labial palpi is always distinct, and nearly as long as the 

 preceding ; the antenna have ten or eleven joints ; they are moreover 

 distinguishable from other .Scaroiai (the species of Aptwdiut excepted) 

 by their elytra being extended over the apex of the abdomen. The 

 three principal genera in this section are Qeotrupa, Bolbocenu, and 

 Trof. The species of Gcotruptt are usually of moderate size, of a 

 black colour, often tinted with blue or green, and usually brilliant 

 beneath. The body is convex, and the head ami thorax are rarely 

 furnished with protuberances. They are almost entirely confined to 

 Europe, North Asia, and North America They feed upon the excre- 

 ment of cattle, under which they construct their burrows. Several 

 species are found in England, and some are seen in great abundance 

 flying about the roads towards the evening. 



In Bolboctrat the body is nearly hemispherical ; the males are often 

 provided with an erect horn on the head, and protuberances on the 

 fore part of the thorax. The species are usually of moderate size, 

 and appear to be found in all the temperate and warm parts of the 

 globe. Only one species is found in this country. 



The species of the genus Tror are also usually of moderate size, 

 and are found in all parts of the globe. In these insects the body is 

 convex, and remarkable for the roughness of the upper parts ; they 

 are always of a dull brown or grayish colour, and appear as if covered 

 with a coating of dried earth. Their food (according to Latreille) 

 consists of the roots of vegetables, but they will also cat decayed 

 animal substances, and in this respect diner from other Scarabcei the 

 habits of which we are acquainted with. 



The Xylop/iili have the antennae 10-joiuted, the mandibles laterally 

 exposed ; the maxillae are various. It embraces the larger forms of 

 the genus .Scaroicnu. as the & IfcrciUa, which is the largest insect 

 known. The genus Dynaita also belongs here. [DYBASTES.] 



The Phyllopkagi have the antennn 8-10-jointed ; mandibles hidden 

 by the clypeus and maxilla: ; club of antenna sometimes 7-5-jointed. 

 This division embraces the Anoplaynathidce and Melolunthidtt. 



[MKLOLOSTIIIDJt] 



The AUwbti have their labium produced, the mandibles corneous, 

 the maxillary lobe membranous. The species live upon flowers 

 or leaves. They embrace the genera (ilaiAyrta, A mphicoma, A nthipna, 

 Ckatmatoptertu, Chame, and IHchcla. None of them are found in 

 Great Britain. They inhabit the southern parts of Europe, and the 

 warm parts of both hemispheres. 



The Mclilophili are distinguished by their mandibles being mem- 

 branous. They embrace three families, the Trichiidx, the Goliat/iid<c, 

 and the Cttmiada. The species of the first family are rare in England. 

 The tioliatkida embrace the gigantic beetles belonging to the genus 

 (Miuthia, and commonly called Goliath Beetles. The Citoniadte are 

 perhaps the most important insects of the group. [CETONIAD*.] 



SCAKBKOITE, a Mineral a Hydrated Silicate of Alumina. It 

 occurs massive. Its fracture is conchoids! Hardness about 2-0. It 

 is easily scratched by the knife, and polished by the nail Adheres 

 to the tongue, and has a strong earthy smell when breathed upon. 

 Colour white. Opaque. Dull. Streak shining. When put into 

 water it does not become transparent, nor fall to pieces, but increases 

 in weight Specific gravity 1-48. It occurs in veins in the beds of 

 sandstone covering the calcareous rock near Scarborough, between 

 septs* of oxide of iron. Its analysis by Vernon gi 



Silica 7-flO 



Alumina 4275 



Water 48-55 



Oxide of Iron ... . . 0-80 



100- 



bCAKt'TIU.K, a family of Coleopterous Insects belonging to the 

 nection Gtodtpkaya, which section corresponds to the genera Caratiui 

 and Cicwdda of Linnwus. The Scaritida have the prothorax sepa- 

 rated from the elytra by a narrow cylindrical neck ; tbe mandibles 

 an usually Urge, and armed with strong teeth on tbe inner side; the 

 labrum is small; the mentum is furnished with a tooth ; the antennn 

 are usually short, and have the basal joint long; the legs are short; 

 tbe anterior tibia are broad, and strongly notched on tbe outer side, 

 and fitted for burrowing; and the anterior Ursi in the males are not 

 dilated. Tbe body is usually elongated, and straight at the sides ; the 

 head, thorax, and elytra, are nearly equal in width. The principal 

 genera contained in this family are Scarita, Panmacktu, Camptodontut, 

 Acantkvctltt, Clirina, and Dachiriut. 



In Scariitt (Fabricius) tbe mandibles are strongly toothed on the 

 inner side, the second and third joints of the antennte are obconic, 

 and the following joint* are shorter, compressed, and subquadratc. 



The species of this genus are very numerous, and are found in nearly 

 all the temperate and warmer portions of the globe. 



The specie* of the genus Paiimachm differ chit-fly from Searilet in 

 being proportionately broader, and of a somewhat depressed form ; 

 in having the thorax produced on each side behind, and forming dis- 

 tinct angles ; the mandibles are shorter and more arched, and tbe 

 maxilla: have no terminal acute hook. The species of this genus are 

 peculiar to North America, and are of a tolerably large size, averaging 

 about one inch in length. 



Dejean separates from Scarittt, under the generic name Oxyg*at>i<u, 

 the S. clonyalut of Wiedemann, which differs in having tbe mandibles 

 more slender and elongated, and destitute of teeth on the inner side. 

 The only known species is found in the East Indie* ; it is of a very 

 narrow form. 



Camptodontui is another genus founded by Dejean upon a single 

 species. In this insect the labial palpi are decidedly shorter than the 

 external maxillary palpi ; and, like them, are terminated by a npindle- 

 formed joint; the basal joint of the antenna; is scarcely longer than 

 either of the following joints. It inhabit* Guyana. 



The genus Acanlkocele* is established by Latreille upon a singular 

 insect found at the Capo of Good Hope ; it is of a short and brood 

 form, and has the anterior tibise still more strongly notched than iu 

 the species of Scarita ; the tibia) of the middle and hinder pair of 

 legs are stout, curved, and concave on the inner side, and very rough 

 and covered with short spines on the outer side. The thorax is broader 

 than long, and the elytra are almost equal in length and width, distinctly 

 striated, and rounded at the apex. This insect is of a black colour 

 (as are almost all tbe StarUidac), and about three-quarters of an inch 

 in length. 



Tbe species of Clivina are of small size, averaging about a quarter 

 of an inch in length, and nearly cylindrical form. The basal joint of 

 the antennn in these insects is scarcely longer than the others, the 

 mandibles are comparatively short, and the terminal joint of the palpi 

 is pointed. They are found nearly all over the world ; they live under 

 stones, and frequent damp situations. 



In the genus Diichiriiu the species also have a wide geographical 

 range, and are of small size ; indeed the smallest of the present family : 

 they ore very nearly allied to Clivina, but are almost invariably adorned 

 with metallic colours, usually brassy-green. The terminal joint of the 

 labial palpi is proportionately stouter thau in Clirina ; the thorax 

 usually approaches to a spherical form, and the tibin are less strongly 

 notched. Numerous species of this genus are found in England, the 

 largest of which is less than a quarter of an inch in length. They 

 are always found on the wet mud on the margins of ponds and such 

 phot* 



SCARUS. [LADRID.K.] 



SCATTER-TUKT. [ALO*.] 



SCAUP-DUCK. [DucKs.1 



SCiaiDOTHE'RIUM. [MEOATHERIIDJB.] 



.SCKLO'TES. [SCISCIDA] 



SCEPA'CEJJ, a small natural order of Plant* belonging to the 

 rectembryose group of Incomplete Exogens. The plants of this order 

 are trees having alternate coriaceous leaves, with membranous stipules, 

 which form the scales of the bud. The flowers are dioecious ; the 

 males are arranged in catkins, the females in short axillary raceme*. 

 Tbe calyx is inferior, 4-, 5-, 6-leaved, in one or two whorls ; stamens 2-5, 

 with 2-celled anthers ; ovary with 2 cells, in each of which there nro 

 2 ovules ; no style ; stigma with 2 short emarginate lobes or 4-fringed 

 ones ; seeds single or two, enveloped in a succulent aril ; embryo 

 green, in the axis of albumen. These plants are allied to Cupulifera 

 and ll-lulacne in their amentaceous flowers, but their arillate albu- 

 minous seeds and dehiscent 2-celled pericarp distinguish them from 

 these as well as any other orders to which they may seem to have 

 relation. They are natives of the tropical parts of India. The wood 

 of one of the species, LepidottacKyt Koxburghi, or Kokra, is used in 

 India for various economical purposes on account of its hardness. 



SCHEELITK [TUSOSTKN.] 



SCHELLY, a local name for Gwyniad, the Vortyonut ftra. 



SCHELTOPUSIK. [ZOWURID.K] 



SCHEKEHITE, or KCHEEREKITE, a Mineral occurring iu 

 acicular crystals and small translucent layers. Colour white or 

 yellowish-white. Lustre pearly. Devoid of taste or smell ; is very 

 friable. It melts at 112 Fahrenheit, and distils at 184. It is 

 insoluble in water and alkaline solutions, and in alcohol unless it be 

 heated, but it dissolves in ether and oil of turpentine. When exposed 

 to fire it inflames, and is entirely dissipated, with a somewhat aro- 

 matic smell. 



It occurs in beds of lignite at Uznach, near St. Gall in Switzerland 

 and also at Bagh in the same country. 



According to Macaire Prinsep it contains 



Hydrogen 24-0 



Carbon 73-0 



"7-0 



SCHEUCHZER. [AMPHIBIA.] 



SCHEUCHZE'RIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 A liimacea and the sub-order Juncaginece. The perianth is composed 

 of 6 leaves ; it has 6 stamens with slender filaments. The ovaries 



