SCORP.EXA. 



SCROPHULARIACE.fi. 



SCOKP.ESA, . nous of Aeanthopterygious Osseous Fihes of the 

 family Lorifati. Their head* are Urge, compreued, and more or law 

 armed with spin** or tubercle* ; the body u oblong and scaly. On 

 UM beck U a single dorsal fin ; the branohiostegou* membrane hai 

 even ray* ; and the jawa and palatine* an armed with velvety teeth. 

 They reaide motly on rocky ground*, feeding on CVtufacM and 

 email fish. 



& A'omyiea ; SAattn Norrqica, the Bergylt, or Norway Haddock, 

 b a fiah reaembling the perch, and attaining a length of two fact and 

 more. U U omatimaa taken in the British sea*. Some beautifully 

 coloured anaciai of thU genua are found in tha Mediterranean. 



IO. I 



SCORP 



SCORPION. rSoowio.xiDJL] 



SCORPION-GRASS. [MYoeons.] 



SCORPION, WATER [NWA.] 



SCORPION I D.K, a family of the claaa Araeknida, order Pulmo- 

 aorta, and (action Pcdipalfii. The animal* of thU family, commonly 

 called Scorpion*, are distinguished from other groups of spiders by 

 thrir having the abdomen articulated and terminated by a curved spur 

 at the extremity ; tha palpi are very large, and the terminal segment 

 a**ume* the form of the lobster'* claw, being in like manner provided 

 with pinoer* ; the (tigmata are eight in number, and situated along 

 tha inferior and lateral part of tho abdomen ; on the under side of 

 the thorax are two comb-like appendages. The number of tha eyes 

 varies from eight to twelve in different specie.*, and some sub-genera 

 have been established upon thi* character. Those to which the term 

 Scorpio is need in it* most restricted sense have only six eyes : those 

 Scorpion* which have eight eye* constitute the sub-genus Bathiu ; 

 and those which have twelve eyes, Androctontu. 



" These Arachnidea," says Latreille, " inhabit the hot countries of 

 both hemispheres, live on the ground, conceal themselves under 

 stone* and other bodies, most commonly in ruins, dark and cool places, 

 and even in houses. They run with considerable swiftness, curving 

 the tail over the back this they can turn in every direction, and use 

 for the purposes of attack and defence. With their forceps they 

 seize various insects, on which they feed after having pierced them 

 with their sting. They are particularly fond of the eggs of spiders 

 and insects. 



The wound occasioned by the species found in the southern parts 

 of Europe (.Scorpio Europena), is not usually dangerous ; but accord- 

 ing to the experiment* of Dr. Maccary, made upon himself, the sting 

 of some other and larger species produces serious and alarming 

 symptoms, and the older the animal the more active seems to be the 

 poison. The remedy employed is the volatile alkali, used externally 

 and internally. 



The young Scorpions are produced at various intervals, snd are 

 carried by the parent for several day* upon her back, during which 

 time she never leave* her retreat 



8CORZONEKA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Aittraccff. The pappus is feathery, in several rows. Bracts imbri- 

 cated. Receptacle naked. Achtenia neither stalked nor beaked, with 

 a lateral sew. 



8. llupanica. Viper' s-Orass, has a cylindrical succulent root, branches 

 monocephaloua ; leaves amplexicaul, lanceolate, wavy; involucres 

 smooth ; flowers yellow. It is found in Spaiu and the south of 

 Europe. The root is said to be sudorific. It is delicate and eatable, 

 and ia supposed to be a specific against viper bites. 



A glailifulia has root* similar in quality. 



S. ilrlicuta is cultivated as an esculent at Palermo, and the gummy 

 root of S. luberota is eaten by the Kalmucks. 



SCOTER [Dncits.1 



8COTOTH1LU& [CIIBIBOPTEBA.] 



8COTORSIS. [CAfBiMfixiiBji ; STBIOIDX.] 



SCRKAMKK. [PALAMEIKA.] 



SCREW-PINES. [PAXDASACML] 



SCROPHULA'RIA (so named from its supposed use in cases of 

 scrofula), a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order Scrophula- 

 riaatr. It baa a 5-parted nearly equal calyx, a globose corolla, with a 

 abort filobed limb, the segments of which are rounded, and the 

 uppermost united into an upper lip. The style is simple, thickened 

 at the apex, the stigma emarginat*. There are 4 fertile didynamous 

 dcclinate stamens, with the rudiment of a fifth appearing. The species 

 an herb* or under-ahrub* with an unpleasant smell. 



8. pmyri*a, Figwort, has cordate shining gUhrou* leaves, alternate 

 peduncle*, 2-5 flowered, the lobe* of the calyr. not membranous, 

 glabrous and acute. The item U acute-angled at the basr, but obtuse- 

 ended at the apex, and of a dark purple. The leave* are full of 

 ptUucid dot*. The corolla* small, purple, and veiny, the lobe* all 

 denticulated. This ipecies is the roAiityif of Dioscoridet, ir. 95. 



.V iMxfoaa DM a nearly smooth herbage, which when bruised smells 

 like elder. The root is whitish, tubular, and beset with flashy knot*. 

 The leavrs are stalked ovate-oblong, acute, sharply and unequally 

 serrsUd, heart-shaped at the bam, where they are cut away as it were 

 to the tw mall lateral ribs. The flowers are a little drooping, the 

 corolla* of a dull-green, with a livid purple lip, the calyx is smooth, 

 the capaut* ovate-oblong. The leaves and root* are said to be purgs- 

 tive and emetic. They have a bitter tate and a disagreeable smell 

 A decoction is used by fanner* to car* the scab in swine. Wasps 



greatly retort to the flower*. Goat* eat the plant, but all other 

 animal* refuse it. It is native mostly throughout Europe. 



>'. ar/uaiica baa an entirely fibrous root It is a smooth plant of a 

 deep shining green-colour, the stem U quadrangular downy, the leaves 

 copiously and finely serrated, heart-shaped at the base. The flower* 

 are in clusters, their tube is green, the corolla of a deep red. The 

 capsule globular. This pUnt is called Water-Betony, Biahop'i-Leaves, 

 and Broadwort. It* medicinal propcrtie* are the aame as those of 

 & nodota. It is called by the French Herbe du Siege, because during 

 the siege of Kochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1623 the garrison 

 supported themselves in extremity by eating the roots. 



There are 73 specie* of Figwort ; of thoae six are recognised British 

 plants. 



(Don, ViMamydfoui Planti ; Babington, Manual of British Botany ; 

 Burnett, Outline* of Botany.) 



SCROPHULARIA'CEJi, figvorU, a natural order of Plant* be- 

 longing to the dicarpou* group of Monopetalou* Exogens. The 

 plants of this order are herbaceous or shrubby, with round and 

 knotless or square and nodose stems. Leaves alternate, undivided 

 or lobed, sometimes collateral ; the floral ones sometimes double, and 

 placed near each other. The inflorescence is variable, usually spioate, 

 racemose or paniculate, seldom solitary. The calyx is 5-parted, seldom 

 4-parted ; the sepals often unequal, the upper one being largest, the 

 two lowest smaller, the lateral ones smallest ; corolla 4-5-parted, tube 

 short or long, limb flat or erect, nearly equally divided or labiate, im- 

 bricate in salivation ; stamens 2-4, didynamous, rarely equal, alternate 

 with the lobes of the corolla, the fifth stamen and sometimes the three 

 upper ones abortive ; anthers 2-celled, or sometimes growing together 

 1-celled, opening longitudinally ; ovary superior, 2-celled, many-seeded ; 

 style simple; stigma mostly simple, entire, emarginate or bifid, often 

 flattened, occasionally double at the points of the divisions of the 

 style; fruit capsular, seldom berried, bicarpeUary, 2-celled, gome- 

 times with 2 entire or bifid valves, sometimes with 4 entire ones, 

 sometimes opening by pores or lids, dissepiment parallel or opposite 

 to the valves, finally loose in the centre, or altogether; placenta) 

 adhering to the dissepiment ; seeds indefinite, albuminous. 



Serophulariaeae are nearly allied to Solanaceir, and in some instance* 

 it is difficult to say to which of these two orders plant* may belong. 

 Bentham separates these orders by a purely artificial distinction, con- 

 sidering as Solanacece such genera as have a plaited corolla and 

 5 stamina, and as Scrophulariacta all those in which either the fifth 

 stamen is wanting or the activation of the corolla U imbricated. Of 

 the orders with irregular flowers, those which may be mistaken for 

 ttcrophalariacetc are Oaneracete and Oi-obanchacccr, which are distin- 

 guished by their unilocular ovarium with parietal placenta ; and the 

 Bignoniacea, Cyrtandracea, and Ptdaliacta, which have seed* without 

 albumen, and the two latter have a unilocular or spuriously 2-4-locular 

 fruit Lcntibulacca are closely allied to this order, but are distin- 

 guished by their unilocular fruit, free central placeiitie, and minute 

 embryo. 



KJtinanlltiu 



, cutting, ihowlnu leaves sml Indorexencc ; t, corolla opened, (bowing 

 ) numoui lUmeni ; c, pcrtonute corolla, and calyx ; rf, pistil ; f, fruit ; /, 

 need with embryo lying in the albumen. 



The Scrophulariacea are very, widely diffused over the surface of 

 tho earth, being found in the whole range of climate between tho 



