B '!: SOP. 



8PARID.E. 



M 



each rail resembling cucumber seeds, but smaller, each lying in a small 

 cavity of the cell. 



(Lindley. Flora .Valica.) 



8OUR-S"P. , r A*QXAcrjt] 



8OUSLIK, the name of certain MannoU with cheek-Douche* 

 (Spermoplilu,, F. Cuv.). [MuRiD&l 



SOUTHKUX-WOOD. [ABTEMSIA.] 



SOW-THISTLE. [SOXCHUS.] 



SOY. [SoJA.1 



SOYA. orSOWA. an Umbelliferous Plant cultivated in India. It 

 b the Anttkum .Soica of Roxburgh, of which the aromatic seed U much 

 used by the natives in cookery, aa well as for medicinal purposes ; the 

 green part* al*o are cut down, and sold in the bazaars, aa the plant is 

 used a* a vegetable both by Mussulman* and Hindoos. The seeds are 

 the ' shubit* of Aviccmia, which is usually translated Anethum ; by 

 the Arabs it seems to hare been considered the 'fuufiov of Dioscorides. 



SOYMl'DA, a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 Mdiaear, named by A. Jnaieu from the Tclinpa name of the tree, 

 which was referred to fbncttnia, and called 5. febrifuga by Dr. Rox- 

 burgh. This is a large forest-tree, a native of the mountainous parts 

 of toe Rajabmundry Circars, and likewise of the jungly parts in general 

 of the central parts of Hindustan. The genus is characterise' 1 by calyx 

 5-leaved, imbricate ; petals 5, shortly clawed ; stamen-tube cup-shaped, 

 I0-lobed, each lobe bidentate at the apex ; anthers 10, included within 

 the tube and lodged between the teeth of the lobes ; ovary 5-celled, 

 seated on a broad disc ; ovules numerous, pendulous from the centre 

 of the cells ; style short, stigma peltate, 5 cornered ; capsule woody, 

 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds winged. The only species known attains a 

 height of SO fret, with abruptly pinnate leaves. The inflorescence is a 

 Urge diffuse and terminal panicle. 



This tree, which is called Rohuna in Hindustan, is particularly 

 noted on account of its bark. This is of a dull red colour, of a fibrous 

 nature, and astringent, and has been much employed in India for the 

 cure of intermittent fevers. 



8PADIX. [IMFLOBESCESCE.] 



SPALAX. [MDBiDA] 



SPANIEL, a variety of Dog. It is not at all improbable that dogs 

 of this race were known to the Romans. Lieut-Col. Hamilton Smith 

 remarks that the Spaniel, Cam* extrariut (?), is clearly figured on 

 aome of the later monuments, and seems to be identical with the C, 

 Tutctu praised by Nemcsianus ; and indeed the lines in the ' Cynege- 

 ticon,' beginning 



" Quin et Thuworum non cst eitren-a volnptai 



Seopc eannm, forma et illit licet oosit* rillo," 

 with the allusion to their hunting qualities 



" Moreaqae limul nareiqae sagace* " 



strongly favour that opinion. It may also be noted the Nemesianus 

 in another part of the poem speaks of dogs 



" Quorum proles dc ungulnc manat Ibcro." 



The Spaniel appears to have been the companion of the Falconer at 

 a very enrly period. In ' The Booke of Falconrie or Hawking 1 (1611), 

 'heretofure published by George Turbervile, Oentleman,' we find 

 among The Contents of this Booke,' 'A little treatise translated out 

 of the Italian tongue, touching the disease* happening to Spanyels, 

 with their Cures ;' and on turning to the page we come to 'A Treatise 

 and discourse of the cure of Spaniels when they be any way over-heat; 

 devised and written by M. Francesco Sforrino Vicentino, the Italian 

 Gentleman-Falconer,' and beneath the title a cut, where stands the 

 falconer, hawk on fist, hat on head, staff in hand, and pouch on aide, 

 in trunk-hose, and with bare-headed attendant*, accompanied by two 

 couple of Spaniel*. 



In the sporting prints engraved by Hollar after Barlow, a whole 

 team of spaniels are introduced giving tongue in Partridge Hawking, 1 

 with the following lines at the bottom of the plate : 



" The fearful Partridge being 'prang by qaeit 

 Of Bpuiltlls from thrlr plrailng foodc and ml, 

 The keene and blood? Hawkc pur-iim ; tlic Knight 

 Bath then hi* port, and front* on them at night." 

 And again in Peasant Hawking,' with the following quatrain : 

 " The Feoaanl focke the wood* doth rooit frequent, 



tc SpulelU iprlng and praiche him bjr the ncnt ; 

 And utirn In flinht, the lUwke with quickened speed 

 Wilh beaki and savage talcns make* him bleed." 



.Spaniel., apparently of a stouter breed, are also introduced in Hern 



king by the same hands, a circumstance worthy of remark, 



-much u in the cut in ' The Booke of Falcourie,' with the super- 



cnption ' How to flee a Hcaron,' the mounted gentleman-falconer, 



who is covered, i* attended by bare-headed domestic*, and accompanied 



by a couple of gray hounds. 



The author of the Sportsman's Cabinet' states that the race of 

 dogs pacing under the denomination of spaniels are of two kinds, one 

 if which is considerably larger than the other, and known by the 

 appellation of the Springing Spaniel, as applicable to every kind of 

 game in any country, whilst the smaller is called the Cocker, or 

 < 'ocking-Spaniel, as being more adapted to covert and woodcock 

 shooting. 



Dr. Caius, in his systematic table of British Dogs, makes the Fowlers 

 consist of the Spaniel (I/iipaniolut), Setter (Index), and Water-Spaniel 

 or Fynder (Aquatic**); whilst under the till.; Lap-Dogs, the Spaniel 

 Gentle or Comforter (Melittcia or Polar the Maltese Lap-Dag), stand* 

 alone. 



Pennant, in following out the tract of Caius, says, " The third divi- 

 sion of the more generous dogs comprehends those which were u.ied 

 in fowling; first, the Jfu/taniolia, or Spaniel : from the name it may 

 be supposed that we were indebted to Spain for this breed. There 

 were two varieties of this kind, the first used in hawking, to spring 

 the game, which are the same with our Starters. The other variety 

 was used only for the net, and was called Index, or the Setter, a kind 

 well known at present." [SETTEK.] 



The probability appears to be that all the varieties of the Spaniel, 

 the small Water-Spaniel, the Cocking Spaniel, King Charles's Spaniel, 

 and the Blenheim Spaniel, if that breed be not the true spaniel of 

 King Charles I., are all the result of careful breeding from the large 

 Water-Spaniel (not the Rough Water-Dog which some call a Water- 

 Spaniel), which seems to have been the old Springing Spaniel 



It is no small proof of the merit of the Spaniel that it has kept its 

 ground amid all the revolutions of sporting. ' A good spaniel is still 

 a great jewel.' The companion of the hawk and net now attends the 

 greyhounds, and it is indispensable in woodcock-shooting : apart from 

 its excellent services in cover, there is no more lively field-shooting 

 than that with a team of thoroughly well-bred spanirU broken never 

 to give tongue, to range well, but not at a greater distance than fifteen 

 or twenty yards from the gun, and never to cliace either feather or 

 fur. The sportsman's attention is always kept on the alert, and he 

 who has accustomed himself to thia style of shooting will generally be 

 found to be a quick and sure shot. 



Spaniels have a great share of intelligence and affection ; these 

 qualities, being combined with much beauty, make them highly 

 prized as companions ; and we have, in our day, the 



" Spaniel, bred with all the care 

 That waits upon a fav'ritc heir," 



Seventy pounds have been refused for ono of these dogs. 



The docility of the Spaniel is equal to its intelligence aud feeling of 

 attachment. A spaniel has been taught to wait at table, take away 

 plates and fetch others, carry wine in a glass without spilling, and to 

 hold the stirrup in his mouth for his master while he was mounting 

 his horse. The spaniel given by Mr. Daniel, author of ' Rural Sports,' 

 to the Hon. Mr. Greville, would, we are told, in addition to the com- 

 mon tricks which dogs trained to fetch and carry exhibit, bring bottles 

 of wine from the corner of the room to the table by the neck, with 

 such care as never to break one, and was the ' boots ' of the mess- 

 room. 



SPANISH FLY. [CANTHARIDA] 



SPAR, a word from the German ' Snath,' employed, combined with 

 specific terms, in Mineralogy, to include a great number of crystallised 

 earthy and some metallic substances, but chiefly the former. Thus 

 calcareous spar is crystallised carbonate of lime; fluor-spar, fluoride 

 of calcium ; heavy spar, sulphate of harries, &c. By miners the term 

 is frequently used alone to express any bright crystalline substance ; 

 but in mineralogy, strictly speaking, it is never so employed. 



SPAR, HEAVY. [BA.RYTKS.] 



Sl'AlUiA'M I'M (from ffmtfyavov, a bandage), a genus of Plant* 

 which with the genus Typha constitute the natural order Typhaccic. 

 The species are monoecious. The flowers are arranged iu dense 

 spherical heads. Both the barren and fertile flowers are composed 

 of a single perianth with three leaves ; the stamens are longer than 

 the calyx, and the fruit consists of a dry drupe with one seed. The 

 specie* are found commonly in ditches and marshes of the northern 

 hemisphere. Three of these are common in Great Britain. 



>>'. rciinoium, Branched Bur-Reed, is known by its branched flower 

 stalk, triangular leaves, and linear rtigma. This species was the only 

 one of the genus found by Dr. Sibthorp in Greece, aud appear* to 

 be the 3-*ap-)<u>iov of Dioscorides. It is an inhabitant of ditches, 

 lakes, and stagnant waters, forming a handsome addition to their 

 vegetation. 



>'. limjilf.r, Unbranched Bur-Reed, is known by its simple stem ; 

 and the 8. natam, Floating Bur-Reed, by its long linear floating leaves. 

 They are both found in the same situations as the first 



SPA'KID.K, or SPAKOl'LXKS, a family of Fishes belonging to the 

 section Acanttioplerygii, which are distinguished by the following 

 characters combined, namely : the possession of a single dorsal lin, 

 the anterior bah! of which is supported by spinous rays, and which ia 

 not divided, nor is it protected by scales ; the operculnm is spinous, 

 the palate destitute of teeth, the branchiostegous membrane has five 

 or six rays, and the pyloric appendages are few in number. The 

 body is usually of an ovate form, and covered with large scales ; the 

 mouth is not protractile. 



The species of this family feed chiefly upon the animals of small 

 shells, Cnutacea, &c., for crushing which their strong teeth are 

 admirably adapted. 



Guided by the structure of the teeth, Cuvier divides tho family 

 into four tribes. In the first the jaws are provided with teeth, which 

 are rounded like paving-stones ; in the second the teeth are conical 



