895 



SQUALID^. 



STACHYS. 



the Blue Shark, C. vuigarit, the White Shark, and C. vulpes, the Fox- 

 Shark, Thresher, Sea-Fox, or Sea-Ape. 



2. Scoliodon, Muller and Henle, differs only in having the teeth of 

 both jaws alike : the points of these teeth are directed towards the 

 corners of the month ; their edge is smooth, and they have a truncated 

 protuberance, which is either smooth or indented on the exterior side 

 of the base. Five species. 



3. Zygcena, Cuv. The species of this genus are remarkable for 

 having the sides of the head greatly produced in a horizontal direction, 

 from which circumstance they have received the names of Hammer- 

 Headed Sharks. The teeth are as in Scoliodon, but in adult specimens 

 they are distinctly serrated. Three species are known. Z. malleus, 

 the Hammer-Headed Shark, is taken on the coasts of Britain. 



These three genera have the valve of the intestine longitudinal and 

 rolled, an incision uear the extremity of the elongated upper lobe of 

 the caudal fin, and a small dimple at the root of the fin. 



6. Teeth pointed, and with lateral Denticles, as iu Scyllium. 



1. Trianodon, Miiller and Henle. Teeth with a denticle on each 

 side, which on the exterior side of most of those of the lower jaw 

 is double. Caudal fin, aa in Carcharias, with a dimple at the root. 

 One species. 



2. Leptocharias, Andrew Smith. Teeth numerous, one or two 

 lateral denticulations on each side. The dimple near the caudal fin 

 wanting, and the inferior lobe of the fin scarcely indicated. The 

 nasal valve elongated into a cirrhua. One species. 



B. Poaaesaing Spiracles. 

 a. Teeth flat, sharp, serrated or not serrated. 



1. Oaleocerdo, Muller and Henle. Teeth strongly serrated on the 

 exterior edge, finely on the interior. Spiracles small. A dimple on 

 the root of the tail : the upper lobe of the caudal fin elongated, with 

 two incisiona. Valve of the intestines short, as in Carcharias. Two 

 species. 



2. Loxodon, Muller and Henle. Teeth without serrature, as in 

 Scoliodon. Spiracles very small. Valve of intestine, dimple of the 

 tail, and caudal fin, as in the preceding genus ; but the upper lobe 

 of that fin with only one incision. One species. 



3. Galeut, Cuv. Teeth in both jaws serrated on the exterior edge, 

 inclined outwardly. Tail aa in Carchariai, but wanting the dimple. 

 Valve of intestine spiral. One species is known, O. vnlgaris, the 

 Common Tope, and this frequents the British seas. 



h. Teeth pointed as in Scyllium. 



Triakit, Muller and Henle. Teeth as in Tricrnodon. Dimple of the 

 tail wanting : the inferior lobe of the caudal fin not distinct. One 

 apecies. 



e. Teeth pavement-like, or presenting a general continuity of 

 surface, aa in the Skates. 



ifiutelai, Cuv. Spiracles large. Inferior lobe of the caudal fin 

 very short. Membrana nictitans rudimental. Valve of intestine 

 spiral. One apecies is known, M. lavis, the Smooth-Hound, and is 

 recorded as British. 



The remaining genera have no trace of the membrana nictitans, 

 and belong to the second section Lamnoidea, which have the branchial 

 openings large, all situated before the pectoral fins. Spiracles small. 

 Caudal fin in the form of a crescent, with a lateral keel and a distinct 

 dimple, and the small anal and second dorsal fins opposite each other. 



1. Lamna, Cuv. Head pointed, conic; spiracles extremely small ; 

 teeth long, pointed, with two lateral denticles, indistinct or wanting 

 in young individuals. The third tooth of the upper jaw, sometimes 

 also the fourth or fifth, smaller than the rest. There are two species, 

 one, L. cornubica, the Porbeagle, or Beauman'a Shark, occurs on the 

 British coasts. 



2. Oxyrrhina, Agaaaiz. Teeth long and thick, like nails, without 

 lateral denticles, the anterior ones introverted ; the third tooth of the 

 upper jaw email and abort. Two apecies. 



3. Carcharodon, Andr. Smith. Teeth as in Carcharias, serrated on 

 both edges ; the third tooth of the upper jaw smaller. One apecies. 



4. Stlachut, Cuv. Teeth very small, narrow, conic, and numerous ; 

 snout short. One species, the S. maxima* of Le Pelerin, the Baskiug 

 Shark of Tamil's ' British Fishes.' It is found in British seas. 



5. Rineodon, Andr. Smith. Teeth exceedingly small, pointed ; 

 mouth at the apex of the snout. 



The following three genera differ as much from each other aa from 

 the preceding group, and, in the opinion of Messrs. Muller and Henle, 

 should in a system be regarded aa the types of families. 



Triylochii, Muller and Henle. Branchial openings large, spiracles 

 small, ai in Lamna. The first dorsal fin stands before the abdominal 

 fins : the second dorsal between the abdominal and anal fins, and they 

 are all tolerably large ; teeth long, pointed, with one lateral denticle, 

 or two on each aide. This ia probably the genus Odonttapii of 

 Agaaaiz. 



Alopeciat. Hetid, dorsal and anal fins, and apiracles, as in Lamna; 

 but the branchial openings small, and the last above the pectoral fins ; 

 the upper lobe of the caudal fin extremely elongated ; a dimple on the 

 tail, but no lateral keel ; teeth sharp, triangular, without serrature or 

 protuberance ; intestinal canal spiral. One species. 



C'atracion. Branchial openings as in Alopcciat ; second dorsal fin 



j between the anal and abdominal ones, like Triglochis; spiracles small ; 

 | teeth arranged in pavement ; the anterior rows small and pointed ; a 

 I bony spine before each dorsal fin. One species. 



The third division of Sharks comprises those species which, like the 



j preceding divisions, have an anal fin, but they have only one dorsal. 



j It contains two genera, which are distinguishable by the number of 



branchial openings. They are the Ifexanchus and ffeptanchus of 



Rafinesque. In the former genus there are six branchial openings, 



and in the latter seven. 



In the fourth division there is no anal 6n; the membrana nictitans 

 is wanting, but the spiracles are present. It is divided into two 

 groups, according to the presence or absence of certain bony spines. 

 The first is called Acanthorhinus by De Blainville, and contains species 

 which are provided with a bony spine in front of each dorsal fin. It 

 is divided into four genera. 



1. Acanthias, Bonap. -Teeth alike in both jaws, with a transverse 

 edge, the point directed outwardly. Four species, one occurs on the 

 British coasts, A. vulgaris, the Picked Dog-Fish, Bone-Do;;, or Hoe. 



2. Spinax, Bonap. Teeth in the lower jaw as in the preceding 

 genus ; teeth of the upper jaw with an elongated point in the middle 

 and two shorter points on each side. 



3. Centrina, Cuv. Teeth of the lower jaw nearly straight, leaf-like, 

 with a serrated edge, and a flat triangular point ; those of the upper 

 jaw also straight, but more narrow, conic, pointed, and forming a 

 cluster in the central portion of the maxilla. One species. 



4. Centrophorus, Muller and Henle. The lower teeth with a trans- 

 verse edge indistinctly serrated, the point of each being directed 

 towards the corner of the mouth : the point of the upper teeth ia 

 directed downwards ; they are equilateral, and without any serrature. 

 One species. 



The group without spines to the doraal fins (Scymnus, Cuv.) com- 

 prises three genera : 



1. Scymma, Muller and Henle. Teeth in the upper jaw straight 

 and narrow ; in the lower jaw crooked, pyramidal, and equilateral. 

 The first dorsal fin before, and the second behind, the abdominal fins. 

 Two species, one of which, the Greenland Shark (Scymmts borealis), 

 is occasionally found on the British co;ists. 



2. Lcemargus, Muller and Henle. Fins situated as in the preceding 

 genus. Lower teeth with a transverse edge, as in Acanthias; upper 

 teeth narrow, conic, straight, or curved outwardly. Three apecies. 



3. Echinorhinus, Bl:dnv. (Qonoidus, Agassiz). First dorsal fin 

 opposite the abdominal fins. Teeth in both jaws broad and low, the 

 edge nearly horizontal. The lateral edges with one or two transverse 

 denticles. One apeciea is British E. spinosus, the Spinoua Shark. 



The fifth and last division contains but one genus (Squatinu), of 

 which there are two species. They have no anal fin ; the mouth is 

 protractile, and at the apex of the muzzle. The eyes are placed on 

 the dorsal surface of the head, and not at the sides as in other sharks. 

 The muzzle is obtuse, the body is broad and depressed, and the pec- 

 toral fins are very large. Both the dorsal fins are situated behind the 

 ventrals. To this genus belongs the Angel-Fish of British authors, 

 the Squatina angelu* of Dumeril, Cuvier, &c. It is very frequent on 

 the southern coasts of Britain. 



(Tarrell, British Fiiha.) 



SQUALORA'IA, a genua of Fossil Fishes. [Fran.] 



SQUAMA, in Botany, a Scale, is a term applied to parts which, 

 strictly speaking, are not bracts or leaves, and are arranged upon a 

 plant in the same manner as the scales of fishes and other animals. 

 Almost all the organs that are thus designated are parts of the plant 

 which stand in the position of leaves, but are not developed sufficiently 

 when seated on the stem to become bracts or true leaves, or, when 

 forming parts of the flower or fruit, to become sepals, petals, 

 stamens, &c. 



SQUATAROLA. [CHABADRIAD.E.] 



SQUATINA. [SQUALID^.] 



SQUID. [CEPHALOPODA.] 



SQUILL, SQUILLA. [SCILLA.] 



SQUILLA. [STOMAPODA.] 



SQUILLERICHTHUS. [ERICHTHUS.] 



SQUIRRELS. [SCIURI0.E.] 



STA'AVIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Bruniacece, which was so named by Thunbei-g after Staaf, one of the 

 botanical correspondents of Linnseus. The genus consists of several 

 small shrubs, which are indigenous at the Cape of Good Hope, and are 

 remarkable for their flowers being arranged in heads resembling those 

 of some of the Composite. Calyx with the lower part of its tube 

 attached to the ovary ; petals 5, stamens 5, inserted into the calyx ; 

 capsule crowned by the calyx, dioecious, cocci bivalved at the apex, 

 and 1-seeded. A few specimens are cultivated in our greenhouses, and 

 may be propagated from cuttings in sand covered with a bell-glass. 



STACHYS (from o-raxiis, a spike), the name of a genus of Plants 

 belonging to the natural order Lamiacece, or Labiatae. It has a 5- 

 toothed, 10-ribbed, nearly equal, acuminate, subcampanulate calyx ; 

 a corolla with the tube as long as the calyx, or longer ; upper lip erect, 

 or spreading, a little arched ; lower lip usually longer, spreading, and 

 3-lobed ; the middle segment large, entire, or emarginate ; 4 stamens ; 

 bifid style with stigmas at each apex ; fruit an achcnium. The spcciea 



