049 



STUKNID.E. 



STYLIDIACE.E. 



9SO 



which advances very far on the front, and divides the frontal feathers. 

 Nostrils oval, naked, basal, pierced in the solid substance of the bill, 

 and close to the margin of the upper mandible. Commissure straight, 

 but angulated at the base. Wiugs rather long ; the first and second 

 quilli graduated. Tail graduated. Feet short, very strong. Hind 

 toe and claw nearly as long as the tarsus. It is a native of Tropical 

 America. (Sw.) 



Zanlhornu (Xanthomus), Cuv. Bill not longer than the head, gene- 

 rally shorter, perfectly straight ; the culmen not dilated at the base, 

 but simply dividing the frontal feathers. Wings moderate, pointed ; 

 the firet three or four quills generally or nearly equal. Tuil moderate, 

 rounded. Feet moderate, but with the hinder toe manifestly longer 

 than the tarsus ; lateral toes unequal. It inhabits America. (Sw.) 

 Ex. X. Baltimorii. 



Icterut, CUT. Bill somewhat lengthened, aa long as the head, or 

 longer ; both mandibles slightly curved, and considerably attenuated. 

 Nostrils basal, rather large, covered above by a membrane ; the 

 aperture lateral and oval. Wings moderate; the first and second 

 quills rather shorter than the third. Tail somewhat lengthened, 

 graduated. Feet moderate ; inner toe shorter than the outer ; 

 hinder toe shorter than the tarsus. Ex. /. castaneus. 



Chryiomiw, Sw. Bill resembling Zantliornu (Xanthomus must be 

 meant) ; but the margin of both mandibles indexed. Wings mode- 

 rate ; the first quill rather shorter than the second. Tail rounded. 

 Feet formed for walking. Toes large, very long and slender; middle 

 toe longer than '.lie tarsus ; lateral toes equal ; hinder toe shorter 

 than the tarsus. Claws long, very slender, and but slightly curved. 

 (Sw.) Ex. C. icterocejihalus. 



Sub-Family Aylainee (Agelaina: ?) Maizers. 



Bill short, thick, entire, completely conic, sometimes depressed, 

 and rounded at the tip. Culmen rather broad, and flattened at the 

 base. Legs long, slender, formed for walking. 



Dolichonyx, Sw. Bill very short, finch-like, conic, entire, shorter 

 than ths head ; the commissure sinuated. Wiugs pointed ; the first 

 and second quills longest and nearly equal. Tail slightly graduated, 

 tubscansorial ; the tips acuminated, and somewhat rigid. Legs long, 

 slender ; middle toe longer than the tarsus ; lateral toes unequal, the 

 inner longest ; hind toe of equal length with the tarsus. Claws long, 

 very slender, and slightly curved. (Sw.) Ex. D. oryzivorus. [BoB- 

 O-LlKK.] 



Ayelaius, Vieill. Bill short, very conic, entire ; the tips compressed ; 

 the culmen flattened towards the base ; sides of the mandibles in- 

 flexed. Wiugs lengthened ; the first two quills longest. Tail slightly 

 rounded. Legs long, slender; middle toe nearly as long as the 

 tarsus. Claws long, very slender, and but slightly curved. It is a 

 native of America. (Sw.) 



A. phaniccut, the Red- Winged Starling. It is the Sturnus prceda- 

 loritu, Icterus phaniceus, Red-Winged Maize-Bird and Red-Winged 

 Blackbird of authors. This bird is a native of America, but a few 

 specimens have been taken in Great Britain. In America it is called 

 Marsh Blackbird, where they are very destructive to the corn crops. 

 They are social like the starling, and not uufrequently vast numbers 

 of them assemble together. 



Leiita, Vigors. Bill lengthened, conic, very straight; the culmen 

 depressed from the base to the tip, which is flattened. Wings mode- 

 rate ; the first quill rather shorter than the three next, which are the 

 longest. Tail rounded. Legs large, strong ; middle toe longer than 

 the tarsus ; hinder toe shorter ; lateral toes unequal, the outer one 

 smaller than the inner; the hinder claw much stronger and more 

 curved than the middle one. (Sw.) Ex. L. erythrocephalui. 



Moluthru, Sw., Cowpen. Ex. M. pecurit. [MoLOTHRUS.] 



Sturnella, Vieillot. Bill long, equal to the length of the head, 

 conic, much depressed towards the tip, where it is broader than high ; 

 culmen dividing the frontal feathers, where it is depressed and flat- 

 tened. Wings moderate ; first quill rather shorter than the second. 

 Tail short, rounded ; the feathers rather narrow. Feet large, but 

 slender ; tarsus longer than the middle toe ; lateral toes unequal, the 

 inner shortest ; hind toe not much shorter than the middle. Anterior 

 claw small, and of equal size ; hinder claw (typically) twice as long 

 as the others. (Sw.) Ex. S. collarit. ('Classification of Birds.') 



The family is immediately succeeded in Mr. Swainson's arrange- 

 ment by the Fringillidtr, to which some of the species placed by him 

 among the Sturnida, but by others among the Finches (Dolichonyx, 

 for example), would seem rather to belong. 



Prince Bonaparte, in his 'Birds of Europe and North America,' 

 places the Slurninw in his family C'orvidie, next to Cormnte, and 

 arranges under the Slurninac the genera Acridotheres, Quiscalus, 

 Scolecop/tagui, Sturnella, Icterus, Agelaius, Molothnu, and Dolichonyx. 



Mr. O. K. Gray ('Genera of Birds') makes the Slurnidce, which are 

 immediately succeeded by the Frimpiitida, as they are in Bonaparte's 

 method, follow the Corvidte. 



Mr. Gray divides the fiturnidce into the following sub-families: 

 1. Lamprolornina:. 



Genera : Ptilonorhynchui, Kuhl ( Pyrrhoeorax, VieilL; Kitla, 

 Kuhl); Chlamydera, Uould (Ptilonorhynchus, Jard.; Calodera, Gould); 

 Lamprotornit, Temm. (Turdus, Lath. ; Lamprotornis, Tcmm.); Jaida, 



Lens. (Lamprocoliut, Sundev. ; Lamprotornis, Temm.) ; Megalopterus, 

 Suiith; Spreo, Less. (Turdus, Gm.; Lamprotornis, Sw.); Aplonis, Gould 

 (Turdus, Lath.) ; Cochoa, Hodgs. 



Genus, Buphaya, L. 



3. Sturnince. 



Genera: Pastor, Temm. (P sou-aides, Vieill.; Boscis, Brehm; Turdus, 

 L.); Acridotheres, Vieill. (Cossyphus, Dum.; Grncula, Gm.) ; Paaro- 

 lophus, Jard. and Selby (Pastor, Gould ; Oriolus, Hodgs.) ; Cutia, 

 Hodgs.; Dilophus, Vieill. (Sturnus, Lath.; Pastor, Temm.; Acrido- 

 l/teres (Vieill.), Swains. ; Gracula, Gm., Cuv.); Orcadian, Vieill. (Sturnus, 

 Lath. ; Oxystomus, Swaius. ; Philesturnus, 3. Geoff. ; Philedon, Cuv. ; 

 Icleriu, Less.) ; Sturnus, L. ; Sturnella, Vieill. (Caarieva, Uaud. ; Alauda 

 and Stumus, L.); Amblyr/tynctius, Leach (Oriolus, Gm. ; Sturnetla, 

 Vieill. ; Leistei, Sw.). 



4. QuiicdKna. 



Genera: Astrapia, Vieill. (Paradisea, L. ; Lamprotornis, Temm.); 

 Scolecophagus, Sw. (Gracula, Wils. ; Quiscalus, Bonap. ; Chalcoplianes, 

 Wttgl.) ; Quiscalus, Vieill. (Icterus, Temm. ; Quiscala, Licht. ; Chalco- 

 phanes, Wagl. ; Scaphidura, Sw.) ; Cassidix, Less. (Oriolus, GUI.) ; 

 Scaphidura, Sw. (Gracula, Gm. ; Quiicala, Licht. ; Icterus, Temm. ; 

 Clialcophanei, Wagl.). 



5. Icterina*. 



Genera: Cassicus, Briss. (Ictei'us, Temm.; Xant/iornus, Pallas; 

 Psarocoliut, Wagl.; Oriolus, L.) ; Cassiculus, Swains. (Icterus, Bonap.; 

 Xanthomus, Jard. and Selby); Xanthomus, Briss. (Psaracolius, Wagl.; 

 Yphante and Pendulinus, Vieill. ; Oriolus, L.) ; Icterus, Briss. (Oriolus, 

 L. ; Penduliniis, Vieill. ; Psarocolius, Wagl.); Chrysomus, Sw. (Pendu- 

 linut, Vieill. ; Oriolus, L.). 



6. Aglaince. 



Genera -.Molothrut, Swain?. (Emberize;, GUI. ; Passerina, Vieill. ; 

 Psarocoliut, Wagl.; Agelaius, Swains.); Leistcs, Vigors (Agelaius, 

 Vieill. ; Psarocolius, Wagl. ; Xanthomus, Quoy and Gaim. ; Icterus, 

 Licht.) ; Agelaius, Vieill. (Oriolus, L. ; Slurnus, Wils. ; Icterus, Briss. ; 

 Psarocolius, Wagl.): Dolichonyx; Swaius. (Embcriza, L. ; Passerina, 

 Vieill. ; Icterus and Emberizoides, Bonap. ; Paarocolius, Wagl.). 



STYLA'RIA, a genus of Annelida. 



STYLE. [PISTIL.] 



STYLIDIA'CE/E, Styleworts, a natural order of Plants belonging 

 to the epigynous group of Monopetalous Exogena. They are herbaceous 

 plants, or under-shrubs, witU aqueous juices, sometimes having hairs, 

 which are simple, acute, or capitate ; the stem and branches are round, 

 or sometimes they have a scape ; the leaves are entire, without stipules, 

 mostly scattered, sometimes whorled, the radical ones clustered in the 



h d a e a 



Styliclium Innicifolium. 



a, cutting showing corymbose flowers and leaves ; b, flower sliowinj? irregular 

 corolla, tubular calyx, and capitate hairs ; c, filaments and style, forming a 

 sinulc column, with anthers covering stigma ; d, 2-celled ovary ; e, section of 

 seed with minute embryo. 



jpecies which possess a scape ; the flowers are solitary, or arranged in 

 spikes, racemes, or corymbs, mostly terminal ; the pedicels have three 

 bracts ; the tube of the calyx is attached to the ovary ; the limb is 

 2-6-parted, bilabiate, or regular and persistent; the corolla is mont- 

 petalous, irregular, 5- or 6-cleft, imbricated in aestivation, and late in 

 falling off; there, are two stamens, the filaments of which are united 



