101! 



TAMATIA. 



TAVAORl 



10! 



of thU genii* remarkable for the large quantity of sulphate of oJa 

 which it* aahr* contain. 



T. Indiea, the Indian Tamarisk, it a glabrous groenUh plant, with 

 tiff twiny branches short ovaU-acut* leave* with white edge*; 

 elongatedspike* of flower*, with bract* shorter than the flowers and 

 longer than the pedicel*, and stamens longer than the corolla. This 

 plant in a native of the East Indie*. It is subject to the attacks of 

 a cynipa, which produce* galls that pones* astringent properties, and, 

 according to Dr. Royle, they are on this account used io medicine by 

 the native doctors of India. The same property also renders them 

 valuable in dyeing. Other Indian species of the Tamarisk produce 

 gallf, which are used for the same purposes a* those of T. Indiea. 



T. African*, the African Tamarisk, is a glabrous glaucous shrub, 

 with lanceolate imbricated leaves; with dense, scaly, simple, sessile 

 racemes; with ovate chaffy bract* ; and a 3-valved capsule. This is a 

 native of the sands along the shores of the Mediterranean. It is found 

 in Mauritania, around the Bay of Naples, in Egypt, and in the Levant 

 It ha* very much the appearance of T. Oallica, but its flowers are 

 larger, and the bark darker. Like T. Oaliica, its ashes yield a large 

 quantity of sulphate of soda. 



T. oricnlalit, the Eastern Tamarisk, is a tree attaining a height of 

 from 10 to 20 feet; it is glabrous all over, with minute, distant, 

 sheathing, mucronate leaves, with (lender lateral spikes of flower*, and 

 a 4 -valved capsule. This tree is a native of Arabia, Persia, and the East 

 Indie*, and is one of the largest and most elegant of the species of the 

 Tamarisk. One of the finest specimen* of this tree existing is at 

 Babylon. 



TAMATIA. [BAKBETS.] 

 TA'MIAS. [SfiCRiDX.] 



TAMUS, a genus of PUnts belonging to the natural order Dioieorea- 

 cat. This genus is dioecious, the stamens growing on one plant, and 

 the pistils on another. The flowers are alike in having a perianth, 

 which is 6 -parted, the calyx and corolla being indistinguishable. In 

 the male flowers there are 6 stamens. In the female flowers the 

 remains are soi-n of 6 abortive stamens ; the ovary is trilocular ; the 

 style trifid, with 3 stigmas ; the fruit a berry. ThU genus is sup- 

 posed to be the L'ra Tamiaia of Pliny, hence its present name. 



T. communit, the Common Black Briony, has undivided cordate- 

 acuminte leaves, and is a very common plant in hedges and thickets 

 throughout Europe. It is a frequent plant in England. It has a long 

 twining stem, spreading in all directions, and reaching from branch to 

 branch of hedges and thickets : it* flowers are greenish-white ; the 

 fruit is of a red colour, and bangs in bunches from its trailing branches. 

 The berries are unwhulsome, but not poisonous. 



TANACE'TUH, a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 Comporita and the sub-order Corymbifera. The florets of the disc 

 hermaphrodite, the involucre hemispherical imbricated, the receptacle 

 naked, the fruit oblong and angular, with a large epigynous disc 

 crowned with a slight membranous border. 



T. rulgart, Tansy, has pinnatifid leaves and serrated leaflets. The 

 heads in a terminal corymb. The floret* of a bright-yellow. The 

 fruit with an entire crown. The stem is from 1 4 to 3 feet high, erect, 

 acd rather angular. The root moderately creeping. Every part of 

 the plant is bitter, and emits a strong but not unpleasant scent It is 

 found by roadsides in Europe and the Crimea. 

 TANAGER. [TAKAORIKJI.] 



TANAGRIN.*:, or TA'NAGERS. a tribe of Birds belonging to the 

 family Frinyillida. The genus Tanagra of Linnrcua stands, in the 

 12th edition of the ' Systema Nature,' between Emberiza and Fringilla, 

 in the order Pauera. [Fitlson.Llu.P-] 



Cuvier characterises the genus as having a conical bill, triangular at 

 it* bane, slightly arched at its arote, and notched towards the end : 

 wings and flight short He observes that they resemble our sparrows 

 in their habit*, and seek for seeds a* well as berries and insect*. The 

 greater part, he remarks, force themselves upon the attention of the 

 spectator of an ornithological collection by their vivid colours. He 

 puce* the genus between the Drongos (Edoliiu, Cuv.) and the Thrushes 

 (Turdiu, Linn.), thus subdividing it : 



1. The Eupbonous or Bullfinch Tanagers (Euphones ou Tangaraa 

 Bouvreuils). 



These have a short bill, presenting, when it is seen vertically, an 

 enlargement on each aide of it* base : tail short in proportion. Ex. 

 Tanayra riolacta, T. Cayrnnentii, Ac. 



2. The Grosbeak Tanager*, 



Bill conic, stout, convex, as wide as it is high ; the back of the upper 

 mandible rounded. Ex. T. magaa, T. atra, Ac. 



3. Tanagers, properly so called. 



Bill conic, shorter than the head, a* wido as it is high, the upper 

 mandible arched and rather pointed. Ex. T. Talao, T. tricolor, Ac. 



4. Oriole Tanagers (Tangaras LorioU). 



Bill conic, arched, pointe.l, notched at the end. Ex. T. yularit, T. 

 piUata, Ac. 



S. Cardinal Tanagera. 



6. Rampbocele Tanagers. 



Bill conic, with the branche4 of the lower mandible convex, back- 

 wards. Ex. T. Jacapa, T. Brasilia, Ac. 



Mr. Swaiusoa make* the Tanigriwr, which he places between the 

 Coccotliraiutinai and the FrinyiUin't, consist of the following genera 

 and sub-genera, all of which he characterises : 



Tanayrina. Bill equally conic ; the upper mandible more or less 

 arched, and very distinctly notched ; feet formed for perching; claws 

 brood and fully curved. 



Tardirola, Tanayra (with the sub-genera Pityltu, Tanagra, and 

 Ramphopu). Phtenisoma (with the sub-genera Phanitoma, Tacliyphoniu, 

 and Leucopyyia). A'emosia. Aylaia (with the sub-genera Euphonia 



Bill conic, a little convex, with an obtuse projecting tooth on the 

 si le. Ex. T. cri'fof ,1, T. brnnitea, Ac, 



and TaaagnUa). And PipUlo (with the sub-genus Arrcmon). (' Classi- 

 fication of Birds.') 



Pi ince Bonaparte places the Tanagrirue between the fringillina and 

 the Emberizin<t. 



Mr. O. R, Gray makes the Tanayrina: the thir.l sub-family of the 

 Frinyilliila, arranging it between the Coccothratutint and PrmfiUotB, 

 The following genera are enumerated by Mr. Gray as belonging 

 to it: 



Embcrizulda, Temm. ; Pipilo, Vieill. ; Embernagra, Less. ; Amman, 

 Vieill; Ciaopii, Vieill.; Ptiylut, Cuv.; Tanayra, Linn.; Saltator, 

 Vieill. ; Spindalit, Jard. and Selby ; Kamphopfit, Vieill. ; Lamprola, 

 Sw. ; 1'yranga, Vieill. ; Lanio, Vieill. ; Tachyphonta, Vieill. ; Nemotia, 

 Vieill. ; Tanayrella, Sw. ; Euphonia, Desm. ; Calutpiza, G. K, Gray ; 

 Stephanophortu, Strickl. ; Cypmayra, Les.. 



Tanayra rubra, the Scarlet Tanager, or Black-Winged Summer Red- 

 Bird. The male is scarlet-red, with the wings and notched toil black : the 

 base of the plumage is ah, then white. The female, young, and male 

 in autumn, are dull-green, inclining to yellow in the latter : yellow 

 beneath ; wings and tail dusky. Length about 64 inches ; alur extent 

 104 inches. It is a native of the United States of America. 



" ThU splendid and transient resident," says Nuttall, " accompany- 

 ing fine weather in all his wanderings, arrives from his winter station 

 in tropical America from the beginning to the middle of May, and 

 extends his migrations probably to Nova Scotia as well as Canada. 

 With the ehy, unsocial, and suspicious habits of his gaudy fraternity, 

 he takes up his abode in the deepest recesses of the forest, where, 

 timidly flitting from observation, he darts from tree to tree like a 

 flashing meteor. A gaudy sylph, conscious of his brilliance, ami thu 

 exposure to which it subject* him, he seems to avoid remark, and is 

 only solicitous to be known to his humble mate, and hid from oil 

 beside. He therefore rarely approaches the habitations of men, unless 

 perhaps the skirts of the orchard, where he sometimes however builds 

 his nest, and takes a taste of the early and inviting though forbidden 

 cherries. 



"Among the thick foliage of the tree in which he seeks support aud 

 shelter, from the lofty branches, at times, we hear his almost mono- 

 tonous ' tship-wiitee, tahip-idee,' or ' tshukadee, tshfltidee,' repeated at 

 short iutervaU, and in a pensive tinder-tone, heightened by the solitude 

 in which he delights to dwell The same note U also uttered by the 

 female when the retreat of herself and young is approached ; and the 

 male occasionally utters, in recognition to hU mate, as they peram- 

 bulate the branches, a low whispering ' 'tail,: in a tone of caution and 

 tenderness. But besides theso calls on the female, he has also, during 

 the period of his incubation, and for a considerable time after, a more 

 musical strain, resembling somewhat, in the mellowness of its tones, 

 the song of the Fifing Baltimore. The syllables to which I hayo 

 hearkened appear like "tshoove 'wait 'wait, 'vehowit wait,' and "wait, 

 'vehOwit vea wait,' with other additions of harmony, for which no 

 words ore -adequate. This pleasing and highly musical meandering 

 ditty is delivered for hours, in a contemplative mood, in the same 

 trro n ith bis busy consort. If surprised, they flit together, but soon 

 return to their favourite station in the spreading boughs of the shady 

 oak or hickory. ThU song has some resemblance to that of the Red- 

 Eyed Vireo in it* compass and strain, though much superior, the 

 ' 'watt 'wait' being whUtled Tery sweetly in several tones, and with 

 emphasis ; so that, upon the whole, our Pyranga may be considered 

 as duly entitled to various excellencies, being harmless to the farmer, 

 brilliant in plumage, and harmonious in voice." 



The same author describes the nest (which U built about the middle 

 of May, on the horizontal branch of some shady forest tree, commonly 

 on oak, but sometimes in an orchard tree) a* but slightly put together, 

 and usually framed of broken rigid stalks of dry weeds or slender fir- 

 twigs, loosely interlaced together, and partly tied with narrow strips 

 of Indian Hemp (Apocynum), some slender grass-leaves, and Pea-Vine 

 runners (A mphicarpa), or other frail materials; the interior being 

 sometimes lined with the slender wiry brown stalks of the Canadian 

 Cistus (llelianthcmum), or with slender piuo-leaves ; the whole so 

 thinly platted as to admit the light through the interstices. The 

 three or four eggs are dull blue, spotted with two or three shades of 

 brown or purple, most numerous towardi the larger end. As soon as 

 their single brood, which U fledged early in July, is reared, they leave 

 for the south, generally about the middle or end of August 



" The female," he says, " shows great solicitude for the safety of 

 her only brood ; and, on an approach to the nest, appears to be in 

 great distress and apprehension. When they are released from her 

 more immediate protection, the mole, at first cautious and distant, 



