1069 



TINCAL. 



TISSUES, VEGETABLE. 



1070 



size of its scales, and also the small extent of the dorsal fin : its form 

 is rather less deep in proportion to the length. It spawns usually 

 about the middle of June, and deposits its ova on weeds. 



TINCAL. [BORAX.] 



TINEID.<E, a family of small Moths, which are remarkable for 

 depositing their eggs among animal substances, on which their larvae 

 afterwards feed. They are thus constantly found upon clothing made 

 of hair or fur, and are called Clothes-Moths. The family is thus 

 defined : Antennae moderate, slender, simple, pubescent beneath in 

 the males; proboscis short; thorax rarely crested; body long and 

 slender; wings entire, often narrow, mostly convoluted in repose. 

 The caterpillars live in portable cases formed of various materials. 



These moths are often ornamented with very brilliant colours, the 

 upper wings having gold or silver spots. The caterpillars make their 

 cases of the substances on which they feed. The Adda make their 

 nests of bits of leaves. The true Tinea clothe themselves with the 

 hair of the skins of animals and bits of silk. When too small, they 

 slit their cases and make them larger. Many of them burrow into 

 skins, ilk garments, &c., making cases as they proceed. The genera 

 and species are very numerous. 



(Westwood, Entomologist's Textbook.) 



TINNU'NCULUS, a genus of Birds belonging to the family 

 Falconida. 



T. alaudarius, the Kestrel, may be taken as the type of this 

 genus. This is, '.here can be little or no doubt, the Ktyxpis of 

 Aristotle (' Hist Anim.,' ii. 17 ; VL 1 ; vL 2 ; viii. 3), and so most 

 zoologists are disposed to consider it, as well as that it is the Tinnun- 

 cului of the Romans. (Pliny, ' Nat. Hist.,' x. 37.) It is the Foutivento, 

 Canibello, Tristunculo, Acertello Falchetto di Torre, Qheppio, and 

 Gavinello, of the Italians; Cercrelle, Quercerelle, Cresserelle, and 

 Epervier des Alouettes, of the French ; Turrnfalke, Rothel-Geyer, 

 Mausefalke, Windwachl, Rittlweyer, and Wannen-Weher, of the 

 Germans ; Kyrko-Falk of the Swedes ; Kestrel, Stannel, Stonegall, and 

 Windhover, of the English ; and Cudyll Coch of the Welsh. 



This bird is found in Europe generally, but not habitually beyond 

 the regions of the arctic circle, where its place is occupied by the 

 Merlin. England, Scotland, and Ireland. Smyrna, in winter at least 

 (Strickl.). Africa, from the north to the south, according to Tem- 

 ininck. Senegal, according to the same authority. The Zoological 

 Society have received it from the Cape of Good Hope; Asia, India 

 (Selby) ; banks of the Ganges (Yarrell) ; Java (Horsf.) ; Japan (Siebold 

 and Burger). Mr. Yarrell states that figures of it occur in drawings 

 from China. 



' 

 , 



Kestrel ( Tinnuncului nlaiulariia), male and female. (Gould.) 



The provincial name Windhover well expresses the most striking 

 characteristic of this hawk. With its head to windward, whence Mr. 

 Mudie suggests that one of its designations should be written 'Stand- 



gale,' not ' Stonegall,' it remains with outspread tail and winnowing 

 wings suspended high in air, so that its piercing eye may include a 

 considerable area, in which no field-mouse is safe : when the bird sees 

 one, it drops unerringly on the surprised prey. When thus poised 

 above the fields, it sometimes is within the range of a gun, and we 

 have heard farmers exult in bringing one down, little thinking that 

 the bird was then on the watch for one of their greatest enemies. 



If a Kestrel can find the nest of a crow or a magpie as a receptacle 

 for its eggs, it will not take the trouble to make one; indeed, it 

 probably never does build : sometimes it lays upon the bare ledges of 

 rocks and in old ruined towers. The number of eggs is four or five, 

 and their ground-colour reddish-white, which is mottled closely with 

 dark reddish-brown and sometimes blotched with reddish-brown. 

 The young come forth from the egg towards the end of April or 

 beginning of May, and are covered with a yellowish-white down. 



In the ' Portraits d'Oyseaux,' the following quatrain sums up the 

 qualities of the Kestrel : 



" Mulcts, Lezars, Rats, et autre vermiue, 

 Sout la viande a nostre Cresserelle. 

 Ellc est atnye avec la Colomhelle, 

 Qu'elle deffend des oyseaux de rapine." 



The allusion here made to the friendship of the Kestrel for the Dove, 

 is probably taken from the passage in Pliny to which we have above 

 referred. 



TINSTONE. [Tin.] 



TIPHIA, [SCOLIADJE.] 



TIPULA. [TIPULID^E.] 



TIPULIDA, a family of Dipterous Insects belonging to the tribe 

 Nemocera, They have the antennae longer than the head, simple, not 

 plumose, rarely pectinated ; eyes entire, ocelli obsolete ; front of head 

 beaked ; proboscis short, ending in two large fleshy lips ; body 

 elongated ; wings loug, nervures numerous ; legs long. 



The types of this family are the species of Ctenophora, Pedicia, and 

 the species of Tipul<e which are usually known by the name of Daddy- 

 Long-Legs. 



Latreille divides this family into five smaller groups Culiciformes, 

 Gallicoles, Terricoles, Fuugivores, and Florales. 



The Culiciformes (Chironomides, Macquaart) include those forms the 

 pupae of which mostly dwell in the water, respiring by means of 

 external tubes or filaments situated in front of the body. They have 

 also the power of swimming. Many of them are transparent, and form 

 exceedingly beautiful objects for the microscope. The larvse of 

 Chironomus plumoaus are vermiform, and of a blood-red colour, whence 

 they are called Blood- Worms. [CHIRONOMUS.] 



The Gallicoles (Cecidomyides) include those species which form galls 

 by depositing their eggs upon plants. [CECIDOMYIA.] 



The Fungivores (Mycetophilidei, Macquaart) embrace an extremely 

 active group of these insects, which are capable of leaping by means 

 of their hind legs. They are found in damp situations amongst various 

 plants. They enter houses, and are found upon window-panes. They 

 are also very partial to Fungi, hence their name ; and they are 

 generally found in the interior of Boteti and Fungi. 



The Terricoles (Tipulidea, Macquaart) are the true Crane-Flies. The 

 species of the genus Tipulo, are found in damp meadows in great 

 numbers, especially in the autumn. The larvae are found in the soil, 

 and feed upon the roots of grass, &c., and occasionally they do much 

 harm. Mr. Westwood remarks that the male Daddy-Long-Legs is 

 very quarrelsome, and often fights with his brethren of the same 

 species. 



The Florales (Bibionides, Macquaart) are distinguished by having the 

 body and legs shorter and more robust than the other forms. The 

 species are small, and their flight is slow and heavy. 



(Westwood, Families of Insects.) 



TISSUES, ANIMAL. The ultimate parts of the organs of animals 

 and plants, of which their bulk is composed, are called Textures, or 

 Tissues. These parts are found to originate in cells, and to have 

 their characters principally given to them by the growth and develop- 

 ment of these ultimate constituents of all organised beings. An 

 account of the Tissues thus formed will be found under the articles 

 ANATOMY; AREOLAR TISSUE ; ADIPOSE TISSUE; BONE; BLOOD; CELLS; 

 CARTILAGE ; GLANDS ; MUSCLE ; NERVOUS SYSTEM ; INTESTINES ; SKIN ; 

 TEETH. 



TISSUES, VEGETABLE. The tissues or textures of plants are 

 formed out of cells which have grown together in various ways. 

 [CELLS.] Although the most general form of the cell is that of a 

 sphere, by pressure and growth in various directions it assumes 

 a variety of shapes, when several together enter into the composition 

 of a tissue. This is more remarkably the case in the animal than in 

 the plant. 



In many parts of plants the cells are perfectly spherical, arising from 

 the absence of pressure. It more frequently happens however that 

 cells press each other regularly in all directions, when they assume a 

 polyedral or many-sided form. (Fig. 1, a, b.) When the pressure is 

 perfectly regular the figure assumed is that of a dodecahedron, and 

 when cut through each section presents six sides. All kinds of 

 departures from this normal form are constantly seen. In these cases 

 the nutrition is regular in every part of the cell. In the cells of 



