TITMOUSE. 



TONGUE. 



o frequently confound*! together u the Tree- and the Meadow-PipiU; 

 but when the two specie* are examined in hand obvious and constant 

 distinctions appear ; and then are, he adds, beside*, difference* in the 

 habita of these birds, as well aa in the localities they each frequent 

 "The Tree- Pipit is rather the larger bird of the two; the beak is 

 stouter and stronger; the spots on the breast longer and fewer in 

 number ; the claw of the hind toe is not so long as the toe iUelf ; the 

 tertial feathers of the wings are rather longer in pioportion to the 

 primaries ; the white on the outer tail-feather on each side is neither 

 so pure in colour nor U it spread over so large a portion of the feather; 

 and, aa far as my own observation goes, it does not appear to be so 

 numerous as a species as the Meadow-Pipit" 



We give illustrations of these two common British species. 



The Tree-Pipit is a migratory binl ; but the Meadow-Pipit remains 

 with us throughout the year, and is the smallest and moat common 

 specie*, it* total length being G inches only. 



Foot of Mradow.Pipit. (Yarreil.) 



Meadow-Pipit (Anltiui pratnuii , male ind female. (Gould.) 



TITMOUSE. 



TIT-WARBLERS, Mr. Swainson'a name for a sub-genus of his 

 nub-family Parlance, and considered by him aa the second or typical 

 division of the whole group. 



fylticola rninuta is an example of these birds. Its colour is blue- 

 gray, beneath golden-yellow; back olive; wiug-covrrU tipped with 

 white. It U a native of Brazil 



Gray-Backrd Warblrr (Sytrin la minxlaf. (Swaltnon.) 

 TOAD. [AMPHIBIA ; Bcro.] 

 TOADFLAX. [Li.NABiA.J 

 TOBACCO. [Xn->ms.\.| 

 TODDA'LIA, H genii- of Plants belonging to the natural order RiUacea 



tribe XatitlioxyUa, winch is itself sometimes made into a distinct 

 order. The name Toddalia is derived from Toddali, the Malabar uame 

 of one of the species. The genus is distinguished by having unisexual 

 flowers, the calyx 5 toothed ; petals 5 ; stamens 5, longer than the 

 petals ; stigma almost sessile, peltate ; fruit fleshy, 5-furrowed, 5-cellcd, 

 cells 1 -seeded ; seed kidney-shaped ; embryo arched. 



T. aculeata has prickly stems and branches, and extends to 30 

 N. lat, along the jungly base of the Himalayan Mountains. The bark 

 and root of this species are said to be used as a cure for the remittent 

 fever of such situations ; and aa many of the allied plants are possessed 

 of bitter with aromatic properties, it is probable that this plant also 

 may be useful for such purposes. 



TODIRA'MPHUS. [HALCTOKID*.] 



TODUa [McscicAPiDJR.1 



TOES. [SKELETON.] 



TOFIELDIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Coiehicaeece. It has a 6-parted perianth, the anthers bursting longitu- 

 dinally ; the 3 capsules, connected to above the middle, are 1 -celled 

 and many-seeded. 



T. paluttrin is the only British species. 



TOLU, BALSAM OF. [MYROSPERMUM.] 



TOMATO. [SOLAN UM.] 



TONGA or TONQUIN BEAN. [CouMAROU.VA.] 



TONGUE. The human tongue has a very complex structure, in 

 correspondence with the variety of its offices as an organ both of sen- 

 sation and of voluntary motion. The sensations which are perceived 

 by means of the tongue are of two kinds, namely, that of taste and 

 that of touch or tact ; its motions are chiefly subservient to speech 

 and to the prehension and swallowing of food. The sensitive apparatus 

 of the tongue is contained in the membrane which covers it; its motor 

 apparatus forms its interior. 



The form and other external characters of the tongue may be easily 

 observed by the aid of a mirror. Its surface is covered by a membrane 

 continuous at the sides and lower part with that which lines the mouth 

 and cheeks, and covered by a fine cuticle which is constantly kept 

 moist by the saliva and by the secretion from the tongue itself. The 

 membrane on the inferior surface of the tongue is thin, smooth, and 

 transparent ; at the middle line it forms a vertical fold which extends 

 nearly to the tip of the tongue, and is named the Fnumum Lingua:. 

 The membrane on the sides and upper part of the tongue is thicker 

 and more vascular, and bears the Papilla:, the most sensitive parts, 

 which are thickly set over its whole surface. 



The papilla; of the tongue are of three different kinds : 1. The 

 Papilla: Vallata:, or Magnse, are usually seven or nine in number, but 

 sometimes are as many as twenty or as few as three. They are situ- 

 ated at the back part of the tongue, in two rows forming an angle, like 

 the letter V, with its apex directed backwards. Each of them has the 

 form of a truncated cone, and consists of a number of fine cyliudric.il 

 processes closely held together. They are set in rather deep depres- 

 sions of the membrane, so that they seem to be surrounded by fossa: 

 which are bounded by elevated rings. 2. The Fungiform or Lenticular 

 Papilla: are smaller, but much more numerous than the preceding, 

 and are scattered at irregular distances from each other over the whole 

 of the upper surface and sides of the tongue. They vary in form, 

 some being hemispherical, some nearly cylindrical, and some having 

 narrow stems which support larger summits, so as to have somewhat 

 the shape of mushrooms. These also, like the preceding kind, are 

 composed of numerous delicate filaments closely united. 8. The 

 Conical and Filiform Papilla; cover all the remaining parts of the 

 upper surface and sides of the tongue. 



All these papilla: are very vascular, and receive filaments of the 

 sensitive nerves of the tongue. Their structure is similar to that of 

 the sensitive papilla: of the skin. 



The interior of the tongue is composed entirely of muscles, and of 

 the fat and cellular tissue which lie between their fibres. These 

 muscles are named, after the parts to which they are attached, tlie 

 Hyo-Glossi, Stylo-Glossi, Genio-Hyo-GIossi, and Lingualee. 



But besides these muscles, and variously intermingled with their 

 fibres, the tongue contains numerous other irregular fasciculi, of 

 which no description can be given. It is also variously influenced by 

 the muscles which move the soft palate and its arches and the byoid 

 bone. 



For its movements and its double sensibility the tongue is supplied 

 with three different pairs of nerves : 1, The Hypoglossal, or Lingual, 

 or ninth pair of nerves [BRAIN ; NERVOUS SYSTEM], are distributed 

 almost exclusively in the muscles of the tongue : they are its motor 

 nerves ; and when they are paralysed, compressed, or divided, the 

 tongue is rendered immoveable, but its sensations are unimpaired. 

 2, The Lingual (or, as they are sometimes called, the gustatory) branches 

 of the fifth pair of nerves are those on which the sensibility of the 

 tongue to all common impressions of touch, heat, cold, 4c. depends. 

 They ore distributed most abundantly in the papilla: at and near the 

 tip of the tongue, and they endow it with a sensibility more acute 

 than that possessed by any part of the skin. 3, The Gustatory, Glosso- 

 Pharyngeal, or eighth pair of nerves, of which a considerable part is 

 distributed in the tongue, are probably those on which the peculiar 

 sense of taste depends. 



The quality by which substances are capable of exciting the sensa- 



