1017 



TRACHEARIA, 



TRAP. 



IOM 



TRACHKARIA, a subdivision of the great clan Arachnids It 

 meludee those forms of this class which carry on their respiration by 

 mfoiu of ramifying tr.icheal tubes. They have two or four eyes. 

 This divj.-i.in include* the various forms of Mites, Ticks, Shepherd- 

 Spiders, and Sea-Spiders. Tlio following is n synopsis of the families 

 of this sub-class from the ' Manual of Natural History,' by Messrs. 

 Adams, Baikie, and Barron : 



Order I. Monomci-otomala. 



Body without division, the head, trunk, and abdomen being united 

 into a single mass ; abdomen not aunulated. 



Sub Order I. Eivanlia. 



Mouth with dittinct mandibles ; palpi always present ; animals free. 



Family 1. Acaritltt.Tbit includes the True Mites. [AcAMD.K.] 



Family 2. Trombiidtt, Garden-Mites. Palpi jointed, with a move- 

 able appendage below the tip ; feet formed for walking ; eyes latero- 

 anterior ; cheliccrtc ending in a moveable claw. 



Trombidium hvloitrictuLin is of a blood-red colour, and is very 

 common in gardens during the spring. 



Family 3. (jamatidtr, Spider-Mites. Palpi filiform, incurved, short, 

 free ; mouth with two didactyle chelicero ; body depressed ; akin soft 

 or scaly ; legs formed for walking ; tar.-i uuguiculate. The Red Spider 

 of our hot-houses belong to thU family. 



Family 4. Orbitidv, Wood-Mites. Palpi fusiform, hid under the 

 head, without hooks ; mouth with didactyle chelicerae ; eyes not dis- 

 tinct ; body hairy or scaly, produced and rostrate in front ; legs formed 

 for walking. 



Sub-Order ll.Suetoria. 



Mouth in form of a sucker, with or without palpi ; no apparent 

 mandibles ; animal attached. 



Family 5. Ixodtda, True Ticks. [IXODES.] 



Family 6. Bdellida, Plant-Ticks. Palpi antenniform ; mandibles 

 unguiculatc or chcliform ; eyes distinct ; suckers in form of an 

 elongated beak ; body with a caselet ; legs formed for walking. 



Family 7. ffydrachnida, Water-Ticks. Palpi with the last joint 

 armed with points, the third and fourth joints larger than the others ; 

 body simple, oval, or rounded ; eyes supero-anterior ; legs ciliated, 

 formed for swimming ; parasitic in the young state ; aquatic. 



The species are found in fresh-waters. I/ydrachna has the mouth 

 composed of plates forming a projecting sucker. 



Family 8. Leplidic, Harvest-Tick*. Palpi short; suckers porrected ; 

 body depressed, coriaceous, ovately rotund; legs six, two being 

 undeveloped. 



Lefilia autumnalii is very common in autumn upon grass and other 

 herbage. They drawl upon the human body and insinuate themselves 

 into the skin, producing great irritation. They are called Harvest- 

 Bugs. 



Order II. Adelarthrosomata. 



B*ody divided into three or four distinct segments; abdomen distinct, 

 annulated ; mouth with conspicuous didactyle pincers or chelicenc. 



Family 1. ^l/iuyidir, False Scorpions. Mandibles in the form of 

 large compressed claws, with a inoveable finger ; palpi large, in the 

 form of ftet, or of cheliferous arms; body oblong, soft; abdomen 

 hairy. 



Family 2. Chcliferida;, Book-Scorpions. Mandibles nhort ; didactyle 

 at the end ; palpi very large, awn-like, with a pincer at the end ; body 

 'ovate, d'pre."-d, narrowed in front ; legs of equal size, short, ending 

 in two hooks. Clif lifer cancroida is found in herbariums, old books, 

 Ac., where it feeds upon the minute insects which frequent such 

 situations. 



Family 3. 1'halangida:, Shepherd-Spiders. Mandibles very con- 

 npicuous, composed of two or three pieces, free, ending in a didactylo 

 pincer ; palpi filiform, ending In a hook ; body short, rounded ; 

 abdomen segmented ; legs elongated. This family comprises the well- 

 known forms called Harvest-Men. 



Sub-Class III. Aprobranchiala. 



Thin sub-clan includes the genera Nymjihon and Pi/cnoyonum, which 

 are the types of two famili'--. Nymplumidcc, the Sea-Spiders, and 

 J'ycnoyonidir, Parasitic Sen-Spider*. These are often referred to the 

 class t'riutatra. [SirnoKOSTOMATA.] 



TI!A< IIKLIASTKS. [LEBNEAD.K.1 



TRACHK'LIDI KOMEBA.] 



TRACHBLIOPTEHUS. [s,u IUD.K.] 



TJIACIlKI.ITonA. [MALACOLWT.I 



IIKNCIIYMA. [Tmsuia, VBIETABLE.] 



TRA< HinHS. [T.HMOIDES.1 ' 



TRACIIYCKI'HAI.U.s. [h.i ANID.V..I 



TKACHYCYCU'S. |K,AMi>.vJ 



TRACHYPHUXUS. [Pn.; 



Tl! ACIIYl'TKIiUS.agcnus of Ki.hes belonging to the riband-shaped 

 forms of Acanlli The body is elongated and compressed; 



dorsal fin extending the whole length of the back, a few of the anterior 

 rays sometimes elongated ; ventral fins fiagilr, if not worn or broken, 

 rather long ; no anal fin ; caudal fin rny rising almost vertically from 

 the horizontal line of the vertebral column; a row of small (pines 

 along the lateral line. 



T. Jhginartu,ibe Vaagtnaer, or Deal Fish, is described by Dr. Fleming 

 in the ' Magazine of Natural History.' He was the first British naturalist 

 who has made known its occurrence in Scotland. The species found 

 in the north of Europe differ from thoce of the Mediterranean. On 

 specimen only has been recently caught alive at Sanda in Orkney. 1 1 

 is thus described : Length three feet ; body excessively compressed, 

 particularly towards the back, where it does not exceed a tabl< 

 in thickness ; breadth nearly five inches, tapering to the tail ; colour 

 silvery, with minute scales, the dorsal fin of an orange colour, occu- 

 pying the whole ridge from the bead to the tail, with the rays of 

 unequal size; head four inches and a half long, compressed like the body, 

 with a groove on the top ; eyes one inch and a quarter in diameter: 

 both jaws armed with small teeth. Various specimens, probably to 

 the number of twelve or more, appear to have been obtained on the 

 island of Sauda between 1817 and 1829. The Vaagmner is rare in 

 Iceland. It differs from the two species found in the Mediterranean, 

 T. /<(/.' and T. trie, and also from T. leioi>tcru. 



TRACHYTE. [ROCKS.] 



TRACHYTELLA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Dilleniacca, so named from Tpax<m>s, ' roughness,' because the leaves 

 are remarkable for their asperity. The genus belongs to the tribe 

 Delimacccr, of the above family, by having the sepals and petals from 

 4 to 5, numerous stamens, and 1 or 2 baccate many-seeded carpels. 

 The known species are only two in number, natives of China mid 

 Cochin-China, climbing in habit, with racemes of white flowers. The 

 leaves of T. Acttra have so very rough a surface that they are employed 

 in Canton for polishing both wood and metal. 



TR ADESCA'NTIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural or.lcr 

 Commtlinatccr, which was so named in honour of the English botanist 

 John Trodescant, who was gardener to Charles I. The species are 

 natives of America and of India. Many of them, being of a highly 

 ornamental nature, are cultivated in flower-gardens ; a few are used 

 medicinally in the countries where they are indigenous. Thus T. 

 a.clllaris, according to Rheede, is used in India as an application to 

 the abdomen in cases of tympanites ; and Martius describes the stem 

 and leaves of T. diurclica. as being employed in Brazil as emollient 

 applications in rheumatic pains, intestinal derangements, ami in 

 tion of urine; whilo in North America T. I'irginica is employed in 

 cases of bites of venomous spiders, as well as some other K 

 whence it has obtained the name of Spider- Wort, but it is doubtful 

 whether they possess any other than simple emollient properties. The 

 hairs of the stamens of this plant exhibit a circulation, in the cells of 

 which they are composed. 



TRAOACANTH. [ASTRAGALUS.] 



TRAGKLAPHUS. [AaTOOP**] 



TR A'GIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Eupltor- 

 biacece, named after Tragus, a German botanist, whose real name was 

 Bock. The species are found in India and in America, nre climbing 

 in habit, and some are remarkable for stinging as violently as nettles. 

 T. cannabina is so named from its leaves resembling those of tho 

 Cannabii, or Hemp, and of which the roots given in infusion arc con- 

 sidered diaphoretic and alterative. T. involucrata is a small plant 

 without taste or smell, but the native physicians of India consider it 

 calculated to strengthen the system in cachectic states of the consti- 

 tution and in chronic cases of syphilis. T. volubilis, which is a sting- 

 ing climber, and has a very acrid juice, is employed in conjunction 

 with common salt for tho destruction of some kinds of ulcers. 



TRA'GOPAN. IPilASlANiDA] 



TRAGOPO'QON (from rpdyos, a ' goat,' and wcSywc, ' beard '), agenus 

 of Plants belonging to the natural order Cichoraceir, which is usually 

 considered only a tribe of the great order of Compositor The genus 

 Trayopoyon, or Goat's Beard, is so named from the long silky beard or 

 pappus of the seeds. The genus is distinguished by having a simple 

 involucre of many leaves. Receptacle naked. Pappus stalked, 

 plumose. Achenia longitudinally striated. The species are found in 

 the temperate parts of Europe and of Asia. One, T. yracilit, is found 

 in the Himalaya Mountains, of which tho leaves are eaten by the 

 natives as lettuce is in Europe, but without being blanched. Tho 

 best-known species however is T. porrifuliia, or Salsify, which is 

 occasionally cultivated in this country, but frequently in Fram 

 Germany. The English T. pratentu may be cultivated for the WUIHI 

 purpose. The roots of Salsify arc tho part* esteemed ; they are long 

 and tapering, their flavour mild and sweetish, and are boiled or : 

 like carrots. The stalks of year-old plants are sometimes cut in tho 

 xpring, and, when similarly dressed, taste like asparagus. 



TRAQOl'S. [A.vriLOPM.] 



TitAori.rs. [W 



TRANSITION ROCKS. When the general terms Prim itivo and 

 Secondary were much in 'use among geologists, certain assemblages 

 of rocks, which were of intermediate position, and seemed to unite 

 the mineral aspect of tin' Primitive with the organic enrichments 

 of tho Secondary, were for these reasons called Tradition Gebirge, 

 Roches de Transition, and Transition Rocks. These terms are not 

 much used at the present day. [QKOI.OUT.] 



TRAP. This geological term, one of the most general use and 

 comprehensive signification, seems to have been originally employed 

 by Bergman and the German and Swedish miners, in the sense (if tin- 

 word ' trappa,' Swedish, or ' treppc,' Gorman, meaning stairs, and the 



