109J 



TKIQLA. 



TRILOniTES. 



enile and terminal ; the teeth of the calyx broad, acuminate, rigM, 

 the lower one much longer and larger than the rest, shorter than the 

 clmwi of the petals, all of them at length enlarged and spreading; 

 itipuls lanceolate-subulate ; leaflets oblongo-obovato ; item ascending. 

 It u a native of Europe, in salt marshes and meadows near the sea-aide, 

 It is found on the east and south coa<U of Britain. 



T. Altj-andrinum, Alexandrian Trefoil, or Clover, is a native of 

 Egypt, about Alexandria. It is the only Trefoil that is cultivated in 

 Esypt, where it is extensively used as fodder for cattle. 



T. medium, Meadow-Trefoil, Mori-Clover, or Cow-Gnus. The heath 

 of the flower are lax. subglobose, solitary, terminal ; the teoth of the 

 calyx are setaceous, the lower one longer than the rest, about equal to 

 the tube of the corolla ; stipule* lanceolate, acuminate ; leaflets ellip- 

 tical ; stem* branched, zigzag. It is a frequent plant in the pastures 

 of Britain, where it can be recognised by its zigzag stem, from which 

 circumstance it is sometimes called Zigzag-Trefoil. 



T. praieme. Common Purple-Trefoil, or Red Clover. The stem is 

 ascending; the leaflet* are oval or obcordate; the heads of flowers are 

 dense and ovate ; the teeth of the calyx are setaceous, the lower one 

 longer than the rest ; stipules ovate, bristle-pointed. This plant has 

 re>idi*h-purple flowers, and is frequent in meadows and pastures, where 

 it blooms all through the summer. The leaves are usually marked 

 with a white subsagittate mark in the centre. 



T. repau, White-Trefoil, White- ojp Dutch-Clover. It has umbellate 

 globose heads ; legumes with four seeds ; teeth of the calyx unequal ; 

 the leaflets obcordate, serrulate ; the stem creeping. This plant is 

 said to be the Shamrock of Ireland, and is worn by the Irish as the 

 badge of their country. The original Shamrock does not appear to 

 have been a clover, but the O.calit acetosdla, which has also leaves 

 with three divisions. Leaves of this character have, from a very 

 remote period, been regarded with superstitious reverence. 



" The holy trefoil's charm " 



was supposed to be very "noisome to witches," and to keep those who 

 wore it from the influence of evil spirits of all kinds. 



T. iH/oealum, T. glomei-atum, T. iubltrrannim, T. fragiferum, are all 

 British species. 



TKIUI.A, a genus of Acauthopterygious Fishes, popularly known as 

 Gurnards, and belonging to the family Loricati in the arrangement of 

 Ciivier. 



The bead of Trigla is mailed and angular; the operclo and shoulder- 

 bones armed with spines ; the body is f caly ; there are two distinct 

 dorsal flno ; beneath the pectorals are three detached rays ; the 

 hranrhiostcgous membrane has seven rnys ; both jaws and the front 

 of the voiner are armed with 6110 velvety teeth. The Gurnards are 

 fishes always remarkable for singularity of form, and often for bril- 

 liancy of colouring. They d. rive their popular appellation from a 

 (muting noise which they make when taken out of the water. In 

 the British seas the commonest species are the Gray Gurnard (Trigla 

 frunUtardut), a silvery gray fish more or less clouded with brown and 

 Kprckl. d with black ; the fled Gurnard (Trigla J'nii), of a bright rose- 

 red colour; and the Sapphirine Ciurnard (Triyla Jlirundo), a large and 

 handnome fish remarkable for the vivid green and blue hues of the 

 inner surface of its large pectoral fins. The two last ore most abundant 

 in the western coasts. Several other rarer species are. also inhabitants 

 of the British seas. There are some beautiful small species in the 

 Mediterranean, where also lives tlie flying-Gurnard (Dactyloptcrui 

 rolitani), which differs genetically from Triyla in having the fin-rays 

 of the pectorals connected by membranes, by means of which the fish 

 is enabled t-> support iUclf for some time in the air in the manner of 

 the flying-finn. It is a handsome species, above a foot long. Another 

 Flying-Gurnard ( llaetytoplrrui Orienialit) lives in the Indian Ocean. 



TIUGLO'CHIN (TpifMx", three-pointed), a genus of Plants belong- 

 ing to the natural order Juncuyinaccic. It has a perianth with six 

 concave deciduous leaves, three ouUide and three inside ; the anthers 

 are sesnile. lodged in the leaves of the perianth, and havo their backs 

 turned toward* the ovary ; the capsules are from three to six in num- 

 ber, are 1 -seeded, and united by a longitudinal receptacle, from which 

 they separate at the base. The genus has several species : they are 

 inhnbiUnU of marches, sides of rivers, ditches, and wet meadow*. 

 Two only of the specie* inhabit Europe, and three are found in Great 

 Britain. 



T. i-almtrr, the Marsh Arrow-Grass, has a 3-celled fruit, of a linear 

 form, attenuated towards the base. It grows in damp marshy places, 

 and is very abundant in many part* of this country. 



T. mnritiniHiH. Sea-side Arrow-Grass, ha* a celled ovate fruit 



THXil.OCHIS. rSqtUUDA] 



Tl:l(i< iXKM.A (from rpia, three, and yuvia, an angle), a genus of 

 Plant* belonging to the natural order Leguminoirt. It consists of 

 troog-seented herbs with trifoliate leaves; the calyx is 5 -parted and 

 6-tootbed ; the keel of the corolla is obtuse ; the stamens are diadel- 

 I 'boos ; the style is smooth ; the fruit a legume, unilocular, com- 

 iwenrd, linear, and containing six or more seeds. The known species 

 of thin genus are upward* of thirty. ( Inly five of them are European, 

 and only one is found in Great Britain. 



T. l-'irn*m-(tr<rr*m, the Common Fenugreek, has the stem erect, 

 simple : the leaflets obovate, slightly toothed ; the stipules lanceolate, 

 falcate, entire ; the calyx hairy ; the teeth awl-shaped, of the length 



of the tube; the legume is falcate, many-seeded ; the seeds large, ovate, 

 wrinkled from dots; radicle of cotyledons prominent. This plant is a 

 native of the south of Europe. Dr. Sibthorp found it in abundance 

 on the shores of Asia Minor. This plant, or one of the genus, was 

 known to the Greeks uudcr the name 'HSvadpor, and to the Roman* as 

 Ficimm Grccum, Greek Hay, and the seed was held in great esteem 

 as a medicine. The scent of the seeds is very strong, and it was 

 undoubtedly this circumstance that recommended them to notice a* 

 medicinal agents. 



T. oraithapodioidet, the Bird's-Foot Trefoil, has a decumbent stem ; 

 the leaflets toothed at the extremity, the flowers three together ; the 

 legumes naked, twice as long as tlie calyx, with about eight seeds in 

 each. This is the Trifolium ornitliopodioidet of Linnnens. 



T. datior, Tall Fenugreek, has an erect stem ; stipules lanceolate, 

 toothed ; legumes racemose, pendulous, linear, slightly curved, obtuse, 

 longer than the leaves. Dr. Sibthorp found this plant in Asia Minor 

 and the Isle of Cyprus, and Sir J. E. Smith is of opinion that it is the 

 Aciros "Aypios of Dioscoridea. 



T. aculenla, Esculent Trigonella, has pedunculated racemes, with 

 the peduncle longer than the leaf; the legumes are linear, somewhat 

 curved, crowded together, and pedicillate. This plant is a native of 

 some parts of the East Indies, where it* legume* are eatcu by the 

 natives as food. 



TRIGONELLI'TES, an obscure genus of Fossil MoUiuca, to which 

 many names have been applied, as Aptyckut, Icliihyouagonitc*, Ac. It 

 contains several forma which undoubtedly appertain to Cephalopoda, 

 and offer analogies to a part of the Sepitaieitm, and a part of the 

 llelemnile. 



TRIGO'NIA. [TRIOONID.E.] 



TRIQO'NIDJE, a family of Conchiferous MoUiuca, the type of 

 which is the genus Trigonia, Brug. 



Trigonia has the following characters : Animal having the mantle 

 open along its length ; no posterior tubes ; foot powerful and 

 trenchant. 



Shell thick, nacreous, subtrigonal, equivalve, inequilateral, the 

 umbones rather small and but little recurved; hinge complex, dis- 

 similar, the right valve having two great oblong teeth, diverging from 

 the umbo, strongly furrowed, penetrating into two excavations, of the 

 samo form and equally furrowed, in the left; ligament external ; 

 muscular impressions not united by a pallia! impression. (Rang.) 



T. margaritacea;. Shell suborbiculate, nacreous within, rilibeil 

 externally with elevated verrucose somewhat sharp ribs, disposed in 

 rays ; margin plicated. 



This species, which has only been found in the seas of Australia, 

 appears to be of moderate size. Lamarck compares its external 

 appearance to that of a pecteu without ears. It has been found at 

 depths ranging from G to 14 fathoms, on sandy mud. 



The fossil species are numerous, especially in the Chalk. 



Trifonia marfttrilaeea. 



TRIGONID^E. [RAiin.K.1 



TRIGONOCABPOM, [COAL-PLANTS.] 



TRIGONOCEPHALUS. [Cnor.M.in.i:.| 



TRILLIACE.'K, Paridt, a small natural order of Plants belonging 

 to the class Dictyogens. They are distinguished by their bisexual 

 tripetaloidcous flowers, half-consolidated carpels, and axile placenta:. 

 Lindley gives the relations of this order with Smilaceir, Jtn.rlmrghiacerr, 

 Commrlynacete, and Mdantliaceff. It contains 4 genera 1'arit, Demi- 

 dovia, Trillium, and Medeola. [PARIS ; TRILLIUM.] The species am 

 found iu thickets in the temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and North 

 America. (Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom.) 



TRILLIUM, a genua of Plants, the ty[>c of the natural order 

 Tnlliacere. It has 3 herbaceous sepals, 3 coloured petals, and :\ 

 senile stigmas. The berry is superior and 3-celled ; the cells many- 

 seeded. 



T. ei-fctun has a large promorse rhizoma with thick horizontal fibres. 

 The stem is about a foot in height, and sheathed at the base ; the 

 leaves large, acuminate, and sessile; the. peduncle about half as long 

 as the leaves, inclining to one side. The flower is large, and of a dark 

 purple. 



TRILOBITES, a race of extinct Fossil Animals. The forms of tins 

 animal were at first known by the name of the Dudley Fossil and the 

 Dudley Kossil Insect By some it was regarded as an insect, and 

 called Knlomolithta paradoxut ; by others the form was considered as 

 that of an extraordinary Testacean with a shell of three lobes ; whilst 

 others thought that the Trilobitic remains belonged to animals closely 



