1145 



TURKEY-BUZZARD. 



1146 



to say, each of its sides advances separately and successively ; and a 

 longitudinal gutter may be perceived on its lower surface. 



On the coasts of Australia, the PhasianelliR found at King George's 

 Sound are larger and less numerous than at Port Western. They are 

 few in number on the coasts of Van Diemen's Land. The operculum 

 is always calcareous. 



P. bulimoides. Shell oblong-conical, smooth, pale yellow, trans- 

 versely banded ; the bands frequent and diversely variegated and 

 spotted ; spire acute at the apex. 



The animals are generally of a fine green nearly throughout. One 

 will have more white dots on the foot, and another a violet or reddish 

 spot on the lateral fringes on the foot ; a third will have this organ 

 yellowish and slightly fringed upon the borders. In all the tentacles 

 are slender and long, the ocular peduncles stout and button-shaped, 

 the palmettes laciniated. The muzzle, which is elongated a little in 

 the form of a proboscis not retractile, can also modify itself into the 

 shape of a rounded scutcheon (e'cusson). The fringes of the sides of 

 the feet are very finely laciniated, and sometimes present browu 

 ramifications of vessels ; they carry three greenish filaments on each 

 side. 



The operculum is oval, calcareous, slightly convex, white, and 

 covered for a portion of its contour by a fleshy lamina of the foot 

 which supports it. 



They are very common at Port Western, being the species above 

 alluded to, and larger at King George's Sound. 



Woodward records 25 recent and 70 fossil species. 



1'hasiancllu bulimoides, 



a, animal and nhcll, Men from below ; b, the game seen from above ; c, shell , 

 rf, operculum. (' Astrolabe.') 



fmiif rotor has the shell trocliiform, thick, with a flat or concave 

 base ; whorls keeled or stellated ; aperture angulated outside, bril- 

 liantly pearly ; operculum shelly. The species, about 20 in number, 

 are found in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. 



Trochut. 



Rotella. Shell lenticular, polished ; spine depressed ; base callous ; 

 lingual teeth 13; uncini numerous, subequal. There are 10 species 

 found in India, the Philippines, China, and New Zealand. 



Monodonta. Shell turbinated, few-whorled; whorls spirally grooved 

 and granulated; lips thickened internally and grooved; columella 

 toothed, more or less prominently and irregularly ; operculum horny 

 and many-whorled. There are 10 species found in West Africa, the 

 Red Sea, India, and Australia. 



Delphirula. Shell orbicular, depressed; whorls few, angulated, 

 rugose, or spiny ; aperture round, pearly ; peristome continuous ; 

 umbilicus open; operculum horny, many-whorled. Animal without 

 head-lobes ; sides lobed and serrated. Twenty recent species, and 

 about thirty fossil species have been recorded. Liotia, Collonia, and 

 C'ycloetrcma are sub-genera. 



Adeorbis. Shell minute, not nacreous, depressed, few-whorled, 

 deeply umbilicated ; peristome entire, nearly continuous, sinuated in 

 its inner side, and slightly so externally. Operculum shelly, multi- 

 spiral. 



Eiiomphalus. Shell depressed or discoirlal ; whorls angular or coro- 

 nated; aperture polygonal; umbilicus very large; operculum shelly, 

 round, multi-spiral. (Salter.) 



There are 80 fossil species. 



Stomatdla. Shell ear-shaped, regular ; spire small ; aperture oblong, 

 very large and oblique, nacreous ; lip thin, even-edged ; operculum 

 circular, horny, multi-spiral. They are found on reefs and under 

 stones at low-water. 



Twenty species are recorded from the Cape, India, North Australia, 

 China, Japan, and the Philippines. 



Brodei-ipia, Gray. Shell minute, limpet-shaped, with a posterior 

 submarginal apex ; aperture oval, as large as the shell, brilliantly 

 nacreous. Three species are found in the Philippines, Grimwood's 

 Island, and the South Seas. (Cuming). 



TQRBINO'LIA. [MADREPHYLLKEA.] 



TURBINOLID/E. [POLYPIFERA.] 



TURBINOLOPSIS. [MADREPHYLLKEA.] 



TURBO. [SCALARIA; TURBINID.E.] 



TURBOT. [PLEURONECTIM.] 



TURDID.E. [.MERULIDJE.] 



TURDUS. [MERULID*;.] 



TURDUS SORDIDUS. [SwALLOW-TiusE.] 



TURF. [Boo.] 



TURQITE, a Mineral from the Ural, consisting of peroxide of iron. 



TURK'S CAP LILY. [LILIUM.] 



TURKEY. [PAVONID.K] 



TURKEY-BERRIES. [RHAMNUS.] 



TURKEY-BUZZARD ( Vultur aura, Linn.) ; genus Catharlcs, 111. 



Under the name of I*, aura, two species at least have been con- 

 founded, one the true V. aura, and the other the Urubu, V. atratus; 

 the former is figured by Wilson, pi. 75, f. 1, and the latter in the same 

 plate, f. 2. 



Mr. Darwin (' Journal,' 1839), after a most interesting account of 

 the habits of the G'aracaras (Potyborus), gives the following account '.-f 

 the two birds : " We have now only to mention the Turkey-Buzzard 

 (P. aura) and the Gallinazo. The former is found wherever the 

 country is moderately damp, from Cape Horn to North America. 

 Different from the Polyborus firasiliensis and Chimango, it has found 

 its way to the Falkland Islands. The Turkey-Buzzard is a solitary 

 bird, or, at most, goes in pairs. It may at once be recognised from a 

 long distance, by its lofty, soaring, and most elegant flight. It is well 

 known to be a true carrion-feeder. On the west coast of Patagonia, 

 among the thickly-wooded islets and broken land, it lives exclusively 

 on what the sea throws up, and on the carcasses of dead seals. Wherever 

 these auimals are congregated on the rocks, there the vultures may 

 be seen. The Galliuazo (Catharles atratus) has a different range from 

 the last species, as it never occurs to the southward of 41 S. lat. 

 Azara states that there existed a tradition that these birds, at the 

 time of the conquest, were not to be found at Monte Video, but that 

 they subsequently followed the inhabitants from the more northern 

 districts. At the present day they are numerous in the valley of the 

 Colorado, which is 300 miles due south of Monte Video. It seems 

 probable that this additional migration has happened since the time of 

 Azara. The Gallinazo generally prefers a humid climate, or rather 

 the neighbourhood of fresh water : hence it is extremely abundant in 

 Brazil and La Plata, while it is never found on the desert and arid 

 plains of Northern Patagonia, excepting near some stream. These 

 birds frequent the whole Pampas to the foot of the Cordillera, but I 

 never saw or heard of one in Chili; in Peru they are preserved as 

 scavengers. These vultures certainly may be called gregarious, for 

 they seem to have pleasure in society, and are not solely brought 

 together by the attraction of a common prey. Oil a fine day a flock 

 may often be observed at a great height, each bird wheeling round 

 and round without closing its wiuga, in the most graceful evolutions. 

 This is clearly done for sport-sake, or perhaps is connected with their 

 matrimonial alliances." 



Nuttall remarks that the Turkey-Buzzard has not been known to 

 breed north of New Jersey in any of the Atlantic States; and he 

 says that they seek out the swampy solitudes, and, without forming 

 any nest, deposit from two to four eggs in the stump of a hollow 



