1149 



TURRIS. 



TYPHACE^E. 



1150 



As far as we know, nearly all the species are sinistrorsal ; the septa 

 have generally the sinuosities of Ammonites, and the siphuncle is 

 described by Mr. Sowerby as situated near the upper (external) part 

 of the whorls. The cavity beyond the last chamber was very large, 

 as in Xautilui, and probably inclosed the greater part of the animal, 

 so that the shell was external. The British species (T. costalus, 

 T. tuberculatus, T. Bergeri, T. undiUatut, T. obliquiu,ol ' Min. Con- 

 chology ') belong to the Chalk and Greensand, and these appear to be 

 the strata which inclose the same and other species in France and 

 other countries. 



T. coatatui may be taken as an example. 



TURRIS. [ACALEPH.E.] 

 JRRITELLA, a genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca. 



Shell turriculated, pointed, rather delicate, generally striated in the 

 longitudinal direction of the whorls of the spire, which are numerous ; 

 aperture rounded, entire, with the edges of the lip disunited above ; 

 the outer or right lip fragile. Operculum horny, its elements 

 concentric. 



Ttirfitella rosfa. 

 a, Shell and anim.il ; 4, Operculum. (' Astrolabe.') 



Shrll of Tarritella tere/tra. 



T. rosea, Quoy and Gaim., has the shell elongate-conical, smooth, 

 transversely very slightly furrowed, rosy ; the whorls convex ; the 

 spire acute ; the aperture subquadrate. 



Animal with the head elongated into a proboscidiform muzzle, 

 brown dotted with black. The tentacles are moderately long, obtuse, 

 white, carrying sessile eyes very near their base. The foot in elongating 

 itself has a quadrilateral form, a little widened iu front; it is greenish 

 or yellowish, dotted with brown. The mantle has its contour fringed 

 and sprinkled with whitiah luuules, disposed in a rather regular 

 manner. 



Operculum very delicate, round, and multispiral, like that of the 

 Cerithia. (' Astrolabe.') 



It was found iu L'Anse-de-l'Astrolabe at New Zealand, at some 

 fathoms depth. Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard state that their dredge 

 brought up thousands of dead individuals, among which very few 

 living ones were found. They describe them as timid animals, seldom 

 developing themselves like the Cerithia. Length 2 inches 8 lines; 

 breadth 2 lines. 



T. terebra is found in the African and Indian seas. (Lam.) 



Woodward gives 50 as the number of recent species, and 150 fossil. 



TURTLE. [CHELONIA.] 



TURTLE-DOVE. [COLUMBIA.] 



TURTONIA, a genus of Conchiferous Mollusca, named by Mr. 

 Hanley after Dr. Turtou. There is but one species, T. minuta, which 

 has been separated from the genus Kcllia, The shell is oblong, inequi- 

 lateral, anterior side very short ; ligament concealed between the 

 valves ; hinge-teeth 2 2. Animal with the mantle open in front ; 

 foot large, keeled ; siphon single, slender, elongated, protruded from 

 the long end of the shell. It is found in Great Britain; also in 

 Norway and Greenland. (Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca.) 



TURTUR. [COLUMBID^.] 



TUSSILA'GO (from ' tussis,' a cough), a genus of Plants belonging 

 to the natural order Composites. It has a simple involucrum, formed 

 of a row of equal linear scales ; the flowers of the head, of different 

 sexes; the flowers of the margin, female, ligulate, entire; the flowers 

 of the disc, hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-toothed ; the stigmas linear ; the 

 receptacle naked ; the pappus simple. The species are natives of Europe 

 and America. Two are natives of Great Britain. 



T. Parfara, Common Coltsfoot, has a single-flowered scape imbri- 

 cated with scales, and cordate angular leaves, toothed, and downy 

 beneath. This plant is a native of moist chalky and clayey situations 

 throughout Europe. Its flowers come up in March and April, and 

 have often disappeared before the leaves ascend from the ground. 

 Dr. Sibthorp found this plant in Greece, and believes it to be identical 

 with the B'fiX'ov of Dioscorides. It derives its specific name, Farfara, 

 from its leaves resembling those of the white poplar, which was called 

 Farfarus by the Greeks. [COLTSFOOT, in ARTS AND So. Div.] 



TUTSAN. [HYPEBICACE-E.] 



TYLO'PHORA, a genus of Plants belongiug to the natural order 

 Atclepiadacece. T. aithmatica is very common in the peninsula of 

 India, and called in Telinga ' kaka-palla." Dr. Roxburgh describes it 

 as being frequently employed there as a substitute for ipecacuanha. 



TYLOS. [ISOPODA.] 



TY'MPANUM. [EAB.] 



TYNDARIDEA. [Ausx.] 



TYPHA. [TYPHACE*:.] 



TYPHA'CE/E, Typhads, or Bidlrushes, a natural order of Plants 

 belonging to Lindley's spadicose group of Monocotyledons. The order 

 includes two genera Ti/pha and Sparganium. They are herbaceous 

 plants, growing in marshes and ditches, having stems without nodi 

 and perennial rhizomata ; the leaves are rigid, ensiform, and with 

 parallel veins ; the inflorescence is spicate or capitate, without a spathe; 

 the flowers are unisexual; sepals 3 or more, sometimes merely a bundle 

 of hairs ; no petals ; the male flowers have 3 or 6 stamens ; the female 

 flowers have a single superior 1-celled ovary ; the fruit is dry, 1-celled, 

 and 1-seeded ; the embryo is in the centre of the albumen. The 

 species of the two genera are abundant in the northern parts of the 

 world, and are mostly absent in tropical countries. 



The genus Typ/ia is known by the male and female flowers being 

 both seated on the same spike, the male flowers being uppermost ; 

 the stamens are setose, and united by the filaments ; the ovarium is 

 surrounded by seta: (fiy. 4) ; and the style is persistent. There are 

 three species of this geuus, inhabitants of the temperate parts of the 

 globe, and all are found in Great Britain. The name Typha is 

 derived from Tupos, a ' marsh," because these plants grow in marshy 

 places. In English they are called Cat's-Tail and Reed-Mace, the 

 former from the resemblance of their spikes to the tail of a cat. They 

 are frequently called Bullrushes, but this name is restricted to 

 another genus, the Seirpus. 



T. lattfolia, Great Cat's-Tail or Reed-Mace, has linear nearly plane 

 leaves, with the sterile and fertile flowers continuous. This is a 

 very handsome aquatic, and grows abundantly in damp marshy places. 

 The leaves are three feet iu length and an inch in width. When the 

 densely crowded spike ia brushed and a lighted candle applied near it, 

 a sudden flash is produced. This arises from the firing of the pollen 

 that is diffused in the air. On the Continent the down of the flowers 

 is used for stuffing pillows, &c. Cattle are fond of the leaves, and the 

 roots are sometimes eaten as a salad. In commou with Sparganium 



