1153 



ULLMANITE. 



UMBELLIFER^E. 



1T4 



in the Marquis of Londonderry's park. It is an upright plant, seldom 

 flowering ; its branches are soft and succulent ; and in size anc 

 character it stands between the two foregoing species, 



ULLMANITE. [MANGANESE.] 



ULMA'CE^E, Elmwor/s, a natural order of Exogenous Plants. The 

 flowers are hermaphrodite or polygamous, never in catkins ; calyx 

 divided, campanulate, inferior, irregular; stamens definite, inserted 

 into the base of the calyx, erect in jcstivation; ovary superior, 2-celled, 

 ovules solitary, pendulous ; stigmas 2, distinct. Fruit 1-2-celled, inde- 

 hiscent, membranous or drupaceous. Seed solitary, pendulous ; albu 

 men none, or iu very small quantity; embryo straight or curved, with 

 foliaceous cotyledons and superior radicle. (Lindley.) 





> I 145 



I'lmiis campfttrii. 



1, branch with leaves and fruit ; 2, branch with Bowers before leaves are 

 rxpandrd ; 3, ovary und stigmas ; 4, embryo ; 5, single flower separated. 



This order consists of trees or shrubs, which have scabrous alternate 

 simple deciduous leaves and stipules. The genera belongiua to it are 

 Planera, Abelicea, Ulmut, Celtii, Sponia, and Afertensia. The species 

 are natives of the north of Asia, the mountains of India, of North 

 America, China, and Europe. This order is by most botanists made 

 a section of the natural order Urticacea. It was however separated 

 by Mirbel, and he has been followed by Lindley. They differ from 

 Ifrticacea iu the possession of a 2-ctlled fruit and hermaphrodite 

 flowers. In all other respects they resemble [frticacea, and their 

 affinities are the same. [UBTICACE.E.] 



Most of the species of this order are trees, the timber of which is 

 often very valuable. The bark of the Elm is used in medicine. 

 [L'l.Mrs.] The genera Planera and Cdtis, like the Elm, have species 

 v hich are handsome ornamental trees, and yield useful timber. 



1JLMCS, a genus of Plants, the type of the natural order Iflmacece. 

 The flowers are small and the leaves are alternate. In most of the 

 fpecies the flowers appear earlier than the leaves : they are disposed 

 in groups, and leated on short peduncles. The calyx is of a reddish 

 colour, distinct from the ovary, imbricated in activation, with 4-8 seg- 

 ments, which remain until the fruit falls. The stamens are as 

 numerous as the segments, and are inserted opposite to them. The 

 ovary ia elliptical, compressed, cloven at the summit, 2-celled, and 1 

 ovule in each cell. The fruit is a samara, the wing-like appendage 

 )>eing broad and present all round, except iu a notch. Only one of 

 the cells of the ovary develops its seed, so that the fruit is 1-seeded. 

 The embryo has no albumen, and its radicle is straight and upper- 

 most. The leaves are stalked, and unequal at the base, serrated, and 

 generally rough to the touch ; the axils of the primary nerves beneath 

 nre tufted with fine hairy filaments. The various species of elm are 

 wild in Europe, North America, India, and China. Nearly 20 species 

 have been enumerated by various writers, but it is not at all certain 

 that these arc true species. This uncirtaiuty arises from the fact 

 which U now generally recognised by the cultivators of the elm, that 

 the seeds of the elm do not produce plants precisely like their parents, 

 and that the amount of difference in the elm is greater than among.ft 

 iiiont other species of trees. It is on this account that there are so 

 many recorded varieties of the species which are cultivated for orna- 

 ment or timber. 

 U. campalrii, the Common English or Small-Leaved Elm, has 



HAT. HUT. BIT. TOr.. IV. 



leaves doubly serrated, rough ; the flowers nearly sessile, 4-cleft ; the 

 fruit oblong, deeply cloven, glabrous. This tree is a native of the 

 miiidle and south of Europe, the west of Asia, and Barbary. It is 

 also found abundantly in France, Spain, and Italy. Although it is 

 called the English Elm, a question has been raised as to whether it is 

 a native of Britain ; and some have supposed, on account of its not 

 ripening its seeds iu this climate, that it is an introduced plant, and 

 that it was probably brought over by the Romans ; whilst others have 

 supposed it was brought from Palestine during the Crusades. 



A great recommendation of the Elm is its endurance of a smoky 

 atmosphere, and it will thrive iu the vicinity of large towus. The 

 noble elms of the parks of London are a living testimony of its value 

 in this respect. Many of the public avenues in France, Holland, and 

 Great Britain are composed entirely of this tree ; and its growing in 

 almost every variety of soil, and requiring but little pruning, are, iu 

 addition to its ornamental qualities, strong recommendations. 



The recorded varieties of U. campestris are very numerous, and 

 Loudon enumerates 18. Some of these have been constituted species 

 by various botanists. 



U. suberoaa, the Corked-Bark Elm. This species, which derives its 

 name from the corky nature of its bark, is supposed by Selby and 

 others to be only a variety of U. campestris. 



U. major, the Greater or Dutch Corked-Bark Elm, is considered a 

 species by Smith, and recognised by Lindley and Hooker. It has 

 rough ovate-acuminate leaves, very oblique at the base, sharply and 

 doubly serrated, pubescent below, with dense tufts of white hairs in 

 the axils; branches spreading, bright brown, winged with corky 

 excrescences, when young nearly smooth; fruit obovate, slightly 

 cloven, naked. This is a finer and more graceful-looking tree than 

 the last. It has larger leaves, and the bark is even more corky. 



U. tffusa, the Spreading-Elm. This is not a British species. It has 

 doubly-serrated leaves, unequal at the base ; pedunculated pendulous 

 flowers, with the margin of the fruit (samara) ciliated. This tree is a 

 native of Russia, where it attains a great size. 



U. montanu, the Mountain, Scotch, or Wych Elm. It has obovate, 

 cuspidate, doubly and coarsely-serrated leaves, nearly equal at the 

 base, exceedingly scabrous above and downy beneath, bark smooth ; 

 fruit scarcely cloven, naked. Whatever may be the doubts as to the 

 introduction of the U. campeitris into Britain, there are none with 

 regard to this species, which is always allowed to be British. The 

 leaves of the Wych-Elm are larger than those of the English Elm. 



U. glabra, the Smooth-Leaved Elm, is sometimes considered a variety 

 of the last species. The leaves are ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, doubly 

 and evenly crenato-serrate, cuneate and oblique at the base, quite 

 smooth above, smooth or glandular beneath, with a few hairs in the 

 axils ; branches bright-brown, smooth, wiry, weeping ; fruit obovate, 

 naked, deeply cloven. This tree is n native of Britain, occurring iu 

 the greatest abundance iu the county of Essex. 



U, Americana, the American Elm. The petiole of the leaf is 

 4 lncu ' n length, covered with short hairs ; the disc unequal at the 

 base, 4 or 5 inches long, serrated, and mostly doubly so ; axils of the 

 veins joined by a membrane; the flowers are seated on peduncles, the 

 peduncles short, glabrous ; the stamens 5 to 8 ; the fruit ovate, acute, 

 ciliated. Its flowers resemble those of U. effasn. This tree is found 

 in North America, growing in low woods from New England ta the 

 Carolina?, where it attains a height of from 80 to 100 feet. 



U. fulva, the Slippery Elm, has rough whitish branches; ovate- 

 oblong acuminate leaves, nearly equal at the base, serrate with unequal 

 teeth, ver/ rough and hairy on both surfaces; the leaf- buds tomentose, 

 scales of flower-buds downy ; fruit not ciliated. This tree is also a 

 native of North America. 



U. alata, the Wahoo, or Cork-Winged Elm, is another American 

 species. It is a small tree, seldom exceeding 30 feet iu height, and is 

 characterised by the bark dilating on each side of the branches between. 

 the leaves, and giving them a winged appearance. [ELM, in Aim AND 

 So. Div.] 



ULNA. [SKELETON.] 

 ULODENDRON. [COAL-PLANTS.] 

 U'LTIMUS. [CYi>R.t:iM3.] 

 ULTRAMARINE. [LAZULITE.] 

 U'LULA. [STRiorDJE.] 



ULULl'NwK [STRMIDA] 

 ULVA. [ALG.K] 



ULVACEA:. [ALCI.E.] 



UMBEL, a form of inflorescence in Plants, characteristic of the 

 latural order Umlelliftra. [INKI.ORESCENCE ; UMBELLIFER/E.] 



UMBELLI'FER/E, a natural order of Exogenous Plants. This is 

 one of the best marked families of plants, so much so, that Jussieu 

 says the whole order may be looked upon as a genus, and the various 

 sub-divisions and genera as arrangements of the species. All the 

 ipecies are well marked, and have good distinguishing characters, and 

 ,heir inflorescence is always that of the umbel. The possession of 

 an umbel was early made the combining character of these plants by 

 lystematic botanists, and they were called UmbtUaia on this account, 

 n addition to this distinguishing character, they have also others, as 

 be possession of 5 stamens and 2 stigmas, by which they were all 

 irougut under the class Pcntandria and order Liyynia of Linnaeus. 



Most of the species are herbs, seldom shrubs, with fistular furrowed 



4 E 



