XVLOPHAOL 



XYLOPIA. 



thonx are bUck ; the extremity of the palpi and antenna} reddish ; 

 the wing-case* long, blackish, and somewhat hairy ; the feet dilated, 

 and of a reddish-yellow ; the thigh* black. The female somewhat 

 resemblrs the Long-Haired Bark-Beetle, (B. rilloKu), but the wing- 

 mm are not deeply furrowed, and the spots not M> deep aa they are 

 in that specie*. The male (as we hare previously obeerred) is smaller 

 than the female, and it baa chestnut-brown wing-cases and reddish 

 thigh*. These inaects restrict their attacks almost entirely to the 

 apple-tree. They make no distinction between the age or healthy 

 state of the tree, whether it is young or old, or whether it may shoot 

 out much or little ; all that they require is that it should not be of a 

 leas thickness than about half an inch in diameter. Having found a 

 suitable place, the female bores a completely round but somewhat 

 oblique hole, penetrating nearly to the centre of the tree ; she first 

 goes upwards to the side, and then downwards. Upon coming near 

 the bark, she turns bock, and goes to the other side or downwards, 

 forming a new path. These paths, leading upwards and downwards, 

 seldom exceed one inch and a half in length. The minute particles 

 of wood, or wortnmoal, which are ejected, indicate the presence of 

 the insect In the case of the Pine-Beetle (B. typograpkui and B. 

 piniperda), it is stated by Bechstein to be ejected by the lame, but in 

 this case it is thrown ont by the beetle itself. 



B. typographic**, the Typographer Bark-Beetle, is perhaps the most 

 destructive of the whole class. It particularly attacks the silver-firs 

 (Picta peciinata) ; but when that tree is not abundant, it will attach 

 itself to other species of pines and firs. The perfect beetle is from 

 two to two and a half lines long, and from one line to one line and a 

 quarter broad, and hairy. As long as it remains under the bark, it is 

 of rusty yellow ; but on exposure to the air, changes to a brownish- 

 black colour. 



The injury this insect does is chiefly effected by the larva;, which 

 destroy the sap-wood; and thus, if they arc numerous, cau kill a 

 healthy fir in the course of a few weeks. 



B. ortkoyrapkui, Duftoch., the Spruce-Fir Bark-Beetle ; B. /anew, 

 Fsbr., the Larch-Bark Beetle ; B. Pinaitri, Bechst, Red Bark-Beetle, 

 require no particular notice. 



PKO, Fabr., has the body narrower than Eottrichiu, and the 

 thorax flat. 



i'ii. Latr., has the body oval, depressed, or but little elevated; last 

 tarsal joint much longer than the others ; head of the males frequently 

 horned. Many minute species ar found on Fungi. 



ffemotoma, Desman, has the body long, linear, and the mandibles 

 robust and mated, ff. dongata is a small and rare British species, 

 sometimes found under the bark of old palings. 



The second genus is distinguished from the first by having the club 

 or tenth joint of the antennae solid and button-shaped ; the body ia 

 elongated, with the front of the head narrowed into an obtuse snout 

 or muzzle ; the palpi are very small, and, as well aa the mandibles, 

 not prominent. 



This genus is termed tfonotoma. 



Mvnotoma proper, Herbst, has the head aa large as the thorax, and 

 separated from it by a narrower part 



Ctrylon, Latr., has the front of the head produced into an obtuse 

 triangle, the first joint of the antenna) much longer than the second ; 

 the body Dearly oval or parallelepiped, and the elytra not truncate 

 behind. 



The genera fyncAlta, Helw., Rhyzophagtu, Herbst, Ac., are included 

 In ifonotoma, but are not deserving of any especial remarks. 



Section III. The Xykphagi of this division havo eleven distinct 

 joint* in the antennas ; the palpi filiform, or thickened at the tips in 

 some, or slender at the tips in others ; the tarsal joints entire. Those 

 in which the club of the antenna; consists only of two joints constitute 

 the genus Lycttu. 



Lyctiu proper, Fabr., has the mandibles and basal joints of the 

 antenna) exposed. Diodetma, Megerle, and Ditoma, Herbst, are 

 included in the genus Lyctiu. 



In some the mandibles are concealed or scarcely visible. These are 

 the genus iffcctopkagm. 



tffcttophagtu proper has the antcnnsc at least as long as the thorax ; 

 body oral; thorax transverse; and the club of the antennn com- 

 mencing at the sixth or seventh joint. 



Silramtu has the body nearly linear, of greater length than breadth, 

 and as broad as the base of the elytra ; palpi nearly filiform. 8. den- 

 taltu, a suiall flat insect, frequently found floating in tea and coffee, 

 being introduced with the sugar. 



In others the mandibles are entirely exposed and large ; the body 

 often narrowed and depressed. These insects constitute the genus 

 Tnyonla. Olivier. 



Trogonta proper has the antennn shorter than the thorax ; the 

 mandibles shorter than the head, and crossed; the labium almost 

 square, and not prolonged between the palpi, and the maxilla; have 

 but a single lobe. 



T. mnttrtianica, Linn., a flat Beetle, 4 lines long, of a pitch-black 

 colour, found in nuts, bread, and the bark of trees : its larva is known 

 in Provence under the name of Cadelle, and is said to commit great 

 devastation on gram. 



Pnutomii, Latr. (Xcgagnalui, Meg.), and Pcuiandia, Dalm., belong 

 to this genus. 



The reader who has carefully followed us over the three sections 

 of the Xylophagi will readily perceive that Latreille makes use of thin 

 group for the purpose of effecting a transition between the Curcilio- 

 nida and Ccrambycidtr, commencing with those which have the club 

 of the antenna solid, and proceeding through those families in which 

 the club is lees compactly constructed, as far as the Troyotitir. In 

 this single character the transition is certainly obvious enough ; but 

 in other and more important points, as for instance in the structure 

 of the imago, as well as in that of the larva, it cannot be maintained ; 

 and Weetwood is probably right in transferring many of the Xylophagi, 

 especially the Troytaitana, to the Ntcrophaga. 



XYLO'PHILI (Wood'Laveri), a section of Insects of the genus 

 Scarabcaa (Linn.), comprising two divisions, corresponding with the 

 families ftynaitida; and Rutelida of H'Leay. 



The Dynaitida (comprising the Ototruptt of Fabricius) constitute an 

 extensive series of gigantic insects, the males of which are pre-emi- 

 nently distinguished by various singular protuberances, horns, or 

 tubercles arising from the head and thorax, and often from both 

 those parts (occasionally giving the insect a very peculiar appearance), 

 and of which the females are destitute. The clypeus is small, trian- 

 gular, pointed in front, or terminated by two small obtuse teeth ; the 

 labrum ia a broad membranous plate, entirely concealed by the 

 clyi'i u- ; the jaws are very robust and horny, and furnished with one 

 or two obtuse teeth. The maxilUe are either terminated by a coria- 

 ceous ciliated lobe, or by an elongated corneous piece, having one or 

 several acute teeth on its inside; the meututn is large, concealing the 

 labrum, and of an ovoid or triangular form, truncated in front ; the 

 prosternum is not produced behind into a lobe ; the tarsal claws are 

 of an equal size, and the scutellum is distinct ; the elytra do not 

 entirely cover the extremity of the abdomen ; the antenna) are 10- 

 jointed, with the club 3-jointed, the central lamella) not being iucloaed 

 within the two external ones. [DVXA.STKS.] 



The colour of these insects is usually of a dark rich brown or chest- 

 nut colour. They reside either in rich vegetable mould or in the 

 putrid detritus arising from the decomposition of trees. 



Onjctu, Illiger, is a very numerous genus, having the legs all nearly 

 of the same length, with the four hind tibia thick and crooked. As a 

 type of this genus, we may take the common continental species, 

 0. naiicornii, which is frequently found in the larva state in tan-pita. 

 The eggs are oblong, about the size of a grain of hemp-seed, and of a 

 yellow colour ; the larva continues in that state four or five years, 

 and then incloses itself in an oval and very smooth cocoon ; the pupa 

 lies upon its back, and the imago remains in its cell for about a mouth 

 after it has attained the perfect state. The insect is about an inch and 

 a half long, and the male is distinguished by having a curved horn 

 upon the head. 



Some of the Dynaitida acquire an immense size. The Scarabitui 

 ffcrculu (Linn.), an inhabitant of South America, is S inches long. 



The Dynaitida chiefly occur in the tropical zone, there being only 

 6 or 8 species found in Europe. 



According to M'Leay, the proportion of tropical to extra-tropical 

 species may be estimated at about eight to one. 



The Rutelida consist entirely of exotic and for the most part 

 brilliantly-coloured insects, of a moderate size, having the body of on 

 ovate, aubconvex, or depressed form, and shorter and more rounded 

 than in the previous family, from which they also differ in the absence 

 of the peculiar horns or prominences which ore present on the heads 

 of the mole Dynaitida. The antenna) are 10-jointed, the club 3-jointed ; 

 the labrum is cxserted with the anterior margin coriaceous ; the man- 

 dibles are short and horny, and more or less exserted with a notch on 

 the outer margin near the tip ; the maxilla: are also horny and trun- 

 cated, and with four or six strong teeth at the tip, with the inaido 

 sometimes membranous ; the labrum is concealed by the mentum ; 

 the elytra do not conceal the extremity of the abdomen ; the thorax 

 is transverse-quadrate; the scnti-llum large and distinct; the meao* 

 sternum is anteriorly produced between the base of the middle legs ; 

 the legs are robust, with the posterior femora sometimes greatly 

 thickened ; the claws of the tarsi are generally unequal in size, and 

 occasionally divided ; the clypeus commonly exhibits a transverse 

 section, dividing as it were into two parts before the eyes. (Westwood.) 

 The head and thorax are identical in both sexes. 



With a few exceptions, the Rutelida; are confined to the equatorial 

 regions of America, 



JJr-rodon, Oliv., composed of two African species, Cycloccphala, Latr. 

 (CHalepcu, M'Leay), Ilutcla, I Mr., Pclidnota, M'Lcay (Ophoynathut, 

 King), Macratpit, M'Leay, Cluumodia, M'Leay, Ometii, Latr., *c. ( 

 belong to this family. 



Two of the most remarkable species are the Chrytophora chryio- 

 Mora [CHKYSOPHORA], and the Scurabirui Macropui, which was 

 depicted long since by FrancUlon under the name of the Kangaroo- 



XYLOPHYLLA, a genus of PlanU belonging to the natural order 

 Euphorbiacttr. The species of this genus are shrubs, with a hard and 

 rigid foliage. They are natives of the West Indies, where they are 

 known by the name of Sea-Side Laurels and Love-Flowers. 



X VLO'PIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Ana- 

 nacea. It has a 3-S-lobed calyx, with ovate coriaceous acutish seg- 

 ments ; 6 petals, of which the 3 outer ones are largest ; numerous 



