





rf the wal Md of UM friKnnivariea considerably 



TV 



pan* aoJ the M*b4r* hare given moat be taken only a* 

 aa1in The etrata ar. frequently denoted by faulu, 

 M*rMftaee*tw*et In their general arrangement 



angle of 45*. In the Dromagh colliery, where all the bed* which 

 have been discovered have bean aucoeasiv.-lv and in general sucoea* 

 fully wrought, four bed* incline on each other, and at no greater 

 distance than 300 yard*. The first of theae bed* is a 3-feet stone- 

 owl, and i* the leading bed. All fault*, checks, and disloc.. 

 similar to thoae which are discoverable in this be i, are in general to 

 be encountered in the other three. The names of the- four beds are, 

 the roaUni thia li farthest to the north ; the rock-coat, so called 

 from iu bring comparatively of harder quality than the other bed* ; 

 the Imlkhrii, ao called from lUcontontabrm- found in largo masses or 

 bulk*; and Ha'k'i-bnl. ao called from the name of a celebrate. I I 



iniiirr, by whom it had baen mny year* ajo diaopvered an<l w.. 

 The coal-bed oonuata of S-feet aolid co.tl, and U not aulphui 

 the ruck-coal ia nearly of tlu- utne thicknea* with the leading 



mi* MAallv rvM AMfiv naralbl to each other although th*-v 

 ja,, .laajaaiiiinnilariTlt a^ri* ttf atonUinu. and* uniformly dip easily wrought The other bed* are of the culm species, but of 



but is very sulphurous, and, hiving the soundest roof, U the i:e-t 



. 



law ClyeV 

 aad Mate o 



A great fatilt occur. 



Hamilton and 



i of th principal (MB* are wrought for aome mile* 

 aorta, of Ihb ape*, the coal beds being sank nearly 1 00 fathoms lower 

 I tan tawat ut of th* fault The main aearn worked at Quarter'ia 

 ft fas* inche* thick, and oonabte of four distinct varieties of coal. 

 That <..! Beau of the ClyJe extend* into Kenfrew, whore there are 

 Coal b wrought in the pariah of Kwtwo .1, in that 

 a aeanw of rariou* thtcknees, bat none exoeed 3 fret 

 The whab are of good quality. Five of them are wrought 

 ia |u varying " depth Cram 10 to 40 fathom*. The coal-measure* 

 here canabt of the o.u.l earba of freestone, shale, Ac., dipping 

 to the eouta-weet. This coal formation partly surrounds 

 of Cadie Hanipla. and continues without interruption into 

 ATnture, around Kilbinb Loan, and onwartl* to Ardroaaau. Ol 

 i la dtffctwrt pboa* hi Dumbarton, where, among other parishes, 

 Kaaiar Kilpatrick. It is also found abundantly in 

 of the Lennox Hills. Coal 

 Useww*> ooonr* throughout LinliUtgow, and is worke 1 extensively in 

 th*t cuuaty ; it i likewiae found iu Clackmannan and in the south 

 of the o*ot*e of Perth and Kinroaa. 



of the rieh*l and moat valuable bands of ironstone are 

 the ol-maanr*a of Scotland, chiefly in the basin of 

 Ike OyOe. Tn* maaufactun of iron in thi. di.trict i* very exten- 

 etavx In theyw 1 649 nearly 700,000 tone of pig-iron were wrought 

 UtabdMrie*. The Seotch bed* include a Urge proportion of sand- 

 .worked at- Burdie House near K -Im- 





The raanaiaja of plant* and animal* are found in theae rook*. 

 the latter the JrVyeVAMjw, a foeail fish of Urge aUe and 



ct 



ir*.] 

 in hi 



. CW-/U-< flths, in hi. ' Report on the Ldn*tr 



i ><a*riet.' give, an excellent aummary of the Iriah coal-Belda, 

 fraea which what followa i* taken " If we eieept the Leroatrr <!H 

 in**, mf kajowladg* of the ooal-field* of Ireland M a* yet Tery limited ; 

 e I UMMirh each in iu turn will f>irm th aubject of a aeparate report, 

 I think K rifht to draw attention to them in thia place, by giving 

 gMMTcl Utfonaation a* I poaaea* respecting their aituation and 

 Coal ha* been dlaeoviarad in more or lea* quantity in 

 of Inland; but I believe the Wand oontain* but 



eoal-dirtrieto namely, the Leuuier, the M.iMter, the 

 I' lajajjajghl, and the Uhrter. The two former oontain carbonaoeoua 

 or tM "enel, aajd the latter biUunbtou* or blaxing coal 



>* LeiMiaraoaJ-diatriet ia ait.iated in the countieaof Kilkenny, 

 mty. and ooootr of Carlow. It alao extend* a abort diV 

 ih. ooonty of Ttpperary. a* far a* Killenaute. Thi* U 

 icipal earbouewMM ooal-li.t ri -1 . It i> .lirided into three 

 I part*. **paraled from each other by eeeoodary tionatone 

 Ml only enTatopa, but in continuation paaae* under 

 M cal-di*Uiet ; a fact which wa* indUputably. though 

 by Uw Oraajd Canal Company, who Muik a pit 

 li jairib of black aarteeUy and flinty alaUi inU> the limeatone 

 efeoaL Tb. l^iwlrr ooal^iatrictM therefore of 



the whole of UM < 



r anbaequent 



Mvnetar aoaMblrkt oempba a oon.ider.ble portion of the 



Mil of Ihnenrt and Kerry, and a brge part of the county of 



l M by mattt the Moat extenaiv* in Irelaod ; but aa yet there 



na nalilim tajfarmnlion reaperting the number, exUnt, or thick- 



axaaioflnehedaof ooal it may omtun. 



" Canl and culm have been rabad for near a century in tht neigh- 

 ' id of Kajrtajrk. in the ooun<y of Dromagh oolliery 



Und th* work ha* bean earrbd on to a very contiderable 

 aaid Ha annoal aapplba at coal and culn have materially 

 tad to Ine Mrinillural ImaraianiHit of an immenae extent 



!* nVaiaaamA *^haka>*4in^hM ^^ I daa^n^^na^aanaaWt n riaslsi 1 -"- nf t* aJi ' f_ 



' I III T . 





aMBrieeUd and unreclaimed. 

 mUe the 



examination of thi* 

 MM! IM % n*cvti* ApplioA- 

 by the Cork lna>UiUon to the Dahlia Society to 



aid the M*d*rtakb4t. H b probabb that this Immenae dni 

 % . be mm:*, nptoradT From all that haa bean aaeertaioad, 

 i . rar, b*r l*>at ih* 4ia> of the bb and th* quality of the coal 

 akfteaaterkaiyfnwtltw^UMUinatardbtrict. In the Munsier 

 ntjfat the Wi ran ra*t and waet, and dip to the xnith, forming an 



peculiar *trength. . . . The bulk-bed forms immenae bulks and 



ninaon of culm, in which the miner* hare frequently been unable to 

 retain the ordinary directions of roof and seat. 



work hai been undertaken in the Munster coal-district t.. a 

 greater depth than 80 yard*. The present work nt the l>i 

 , ih. :y is at that depth; it ia heavily watered, and consequently 

 expensively wrought The quality of the coal and culm improves aa 

 the work deacenda. . . . 



" The Connaught coal-.liitrict stand* next in order of value and 

 importance to the Li-in.-t. T and Munster, an I possibly may be foninl 

 to deserve the fir*t \'\ lien its mihlernui .< swill be 



explored. At present nothing is known, except that the outer edgea 



,il beds of coal have been obaerved, but they have not been 



traced to any distance, ao that their extent i !> n<> means ascer- 



Tbe coal ia of the bituminous specie*. This coal is particu- 



larly adapted to the purpose* of iron-works, foundries, &> 



" The I.' later coal-dutrict is of trilinu- ini|>urtauc when compared 

 with the foregoing. It commences near i in t)if futility of 



Tytvne, and exten<ls in a northern direction to Coal Island, and in 

 continuation to the neighbourhood of Cookstow n. 

 worth working have hitherto been discovered betw. n I'o.il Island 

 and Cookstowu, but certainly the coal strata ext.-i.'l tlin.. The 

 princijial collieries are at Coal Island anil :<t Dungannon. Tl^ 

 of this district U bituminous. I understand tlmt mdioations of co.il 

 have been obaerved at Driunquiii, iu the county of Tyrone; and also 

 at Petigoe, to the north of Lough Erne. Poasibly the coal form v ion 

 muy extend from the neighluurhood of Cookstowu westward to the 

 north of Lough Erne. 



"Besides the foregoing principal coal-districts, there are oth. 

 lea* consequence. Bituminous coal has been found in the n.-i .-liliour 

 hood of lielturbet, in the county of Cavan, and at the collii T 

 Ballyc&stle, in the county of Antrim ; but the Antrim coal-district in 

 not very extensive. Theae collieries have Iwen wrought for .1 innulxT 

 of years. The coala are of a slaty nature, and greatly reseint.li- Koth 

 the coal and the accompanying rocks which occur iu Ayr.-hm . mid 

 probably they belong to the same formation." 



Continental Europe. France. In the centre and south of France 

 aome small coal-field* occur iu the valleys of tin- Loin', the Allier, 

 reuse, and the Dordoguc, the Aveyron, and Ar.lr h. , 

 between ridge* proceeding from the primitive central pou|. 

 connected with the Cerennes; and, in a few localities, acme "i tl>'' 

 thickest beds of co.il \vt di^-ovtivd have been found. In tin- north 

 of France, the goal-formation occupies; a very large tract ol r..uniiy, 

 running westwHrd from llardin^hen, near lionlojm . liy \ 

 and thence up the Sclii'Mu and down the Meuse to K-> )m< ilcr, 

 beyond Aix-In ( 'h;i|-ll'. The total area of coal in France i-< |.rol K1 l.ly 

 not lea* than 2000 aquare milen. Iu annual yield is not i,.,.. th.ui 

 4,000,000 tons. These deposits are of the same age as those of H- 

 lnil they rest on granite or "tin r crystalline and metaio oplnm 



Belgium. The district along tho Meuse, between Xiiinur and 

 Liege, i* aaid to renemble in its geological structure, as well 

 tureaque feature*, the S . . and South Qlouce.stcr <1 



the strata being broken and deranged, exhibit, if possible, ntill 

 contorted and inverted positions of the renpective beds. The defile* 

 of the Sauibru and the Meuse ('Qeol. Trans.,' vol. i., -Jn.l serifs) pre- 

 sent an exact counterpart of those of the Avon ami tip \V\.-. Tin -m 

 are two j.riin i|>nl oial-lii-ldn in Belgium, the one extending to the cast 

 and known as the Liege Coal-Field, and the oth.-i \\cst forming the 

 Hainault division. The seam* are generally thin. ivm:irk:il>ly 

 numeroiK, and presenting an apparent multiplication by doublings 

 "f tin- strata. A kind of coal in found in Ili-l^inm culled Fleni 

 wlin-li i not fonn.i in (!r at I'.ritnin. It burns rajiidly, giving out a 

 disagreeable smell. |IU:i.<;ir.M, in DKOL. liiv.) 



Qennany. The coal-districts in the north of i .re probably 



the prolongation of the Ifelgium formation. On the aorth-eaat aud 



H i Balk D badl tad N. u <:"]t. th.- 



Ira resting on the tranniti ..... -o ( -k of that gronp In 



Haxony coal i* found in many places along the northern foot of the 

 Eraegebirge. It i* ext'-n-iv<-ly uork.-d m-nr X\\i. K.IM :m<l m-ar 

 Dreaden. There is v 'dintriet in Hohcinia, 



ing int<> I"p|-r Sili-nia. This district lies between the in. it |.iiniitivn 

 of the Enegebirge and the Riesengebirge, ,,n nd the 



