



COCHIN! 



. gw.1 repute am MM CUnUn, 

 d .wallow h aloof with UM urtirioD 



i Ik* tedfM of IUmc.1. with varUUe 

 nr fimili fewer*, aooedcd by dop 

 hi ToU. of ooodtembl. iaportanc. 

 > make* food durable 



.!.::..: 



IwooUon of the frsah roote, 

 in foate' milk, i* administered for 

 is; it is reekoiMd heating, laxative, 

 Tb. fn-h leaVe. teite amply berbaceous; rubbed in 



** Uy thicks* it fato a greeB jelly, which is iwMteoed with 

 Mr, asjd drmak. wk*o frwk made, to UM quantity of half a pint 

 twit* a day, fur UM core of keat of urine in gonorrhoea. If suffered 

 to .toad for a fcw ounulaa. UM gelatinous or muciUginou* parts 

 iliinll. oovtraet, and toat in UM orntre, tearing the water clear, 

 Mk*j Hadscra wine, aod alaoat testeMss. Cn 



win*, and alao* te*tl**. Curry ui made of the leave*, 

 coon, of it. root*. or jelly of the leaves." 



rUnt to European* U that which produce* 

 Root, CWra/iu palmaliu, from which . 

 M procured. Thu plant u a native of Mozambique 

 ing in the thick formU that cover the horn of 

 and extending inUinl for 15 or 20 miles. The 

 African* at UMM part* call it Kalumb. It ha> a Urge fleshy deep 

 yellow root, divided into many irregular fork* or fang*, which are 

 pejlated by UM 



I Oibo. 



collector*, cut into slices, *truug on cord*, and 

 to dry in UM *hade. The item U covered with thick whitmh- 

 gUn<luUr fur : the leave* are Urge, rounded, heart-shaped, and 

 eWfly divided into from S to 7 sharp-pointed lobe*. The plant i* 

 aw Motivated in the iaUnd of Mauritius. 



Tk 



kt 04., *towla( cslrs ; t. Utrnm ; i, t *UI ; *, braeUa. 



to thl* gan* i* that of a kind of sMd imported 

 fnau UM BaM lodM* nadir UM nune of Cocculus Indicus Berries, 

 wkkk fosMM . powerful Utter poUotwa* principle, that, according 

 to O<mpU. nUu principally fa UM kcrnrL The pluit w found in the 

 fcfvt* of Malabar, and whm tmMpUated to the botanic garden, 



CJirtla. gnw a few yekn *o a* to extaod over a large mango-tree, 

 with a >tot woody *Um a* thick a* a man'* wrirt, covered with 

 4ee*Jy cracked, *pairy, a<h-colour.| bark. The leave* were very 

 ucUy ooniato, entire, obtaM, or emarfinate, of a bard texture, 

 kWag on the upper nrface. and from 4 U. 18 inch** long, by from 

 to teck~ broad. TU* plant i. the MmtmmvumlKitm <-t 

 UMMLUM OerWw mltnm of De CandolU ; but aoobrding to 

 Mean Wight aod Araott, H doe* not properly belong to the latter 

 (MM. herutg UM .!* combined into a centnl column and no 



Dr 



They call it Jm 



"the medical jurist to make himself 



well acquainted with the external character* of thoae berriea, 

 bcaoa, heide being occawoimlly u*ed in medicine, they are a 

 familiar poi*ou for dotruying fih, and have al*o been 

 tued by brewer* a* a cubiititute for hop* an adulteration \\h 

 pruhibited in Britain by Revere itatute*." Thin fruit i* a berried 

 drupe, varying in on from that of a pea to that of a laurel (or bay) 

 berry ; nibgloboM, emarginate, dark brown, opaque, rough, nnd 

 wrinkled ; the external integument, or hulk, i* very brittle ; within 

 u the *eed or kernel, lunul.to, ...1>. with a nauneon* an 

 bitter ta*te. The kernel contain* about one part in ilir liuudred of 

 1'icrotuxw, or lfeni*permia, a* come term it Upon thin pn: 

 it* poiionou* propertie* d.-jx-ml. It *eem* to act by cxhauntiog the 

 irritability of the heart, and if the doee be coniiderable ite faUl 

 effect* are very ipeedily dipUyed. What render* it a more redoubt- 

 able agent u the circuuutance of it* leaving aoarooly any trace of it* 

 preeenoe on the coat* of the stomack C'occulm Indicia if never used 

 internally in the practice of medicine, but an ointment formed of the 

 powdered berrie* i* very efioaciou* in mine cutaneous dineaaea, such 

 a* Porrigo Capita iiuil Sycotit Meali. It speedily allay* the iuflamtna- 

 tory *tate ; but its employ meut require* great care. Creaaote will 

 probably aupenede it in such coses. 



L'alumba is the root of tho Coccvlu* palmatui, a native of the forest* 

 of the eait coaat of Africa, whence it in sent to Ceylon, and thence to 

 Europe. It occun in the form of tram-erne sections, tho bark of 

 which in thick and easily separable ; the woody portion i* spongy, of 

 a yelliiw colour, and when old much perforated by worms. The 

 odour in faintly aromatic, the taste bitter and slightly acrid. It 

 contains much starch, a yellow azotised matter, a yellow bitter 

 principle, traces of a volatile oil, woody fibre, salt (chiefly of lime 

 riinl potassa), oxide of iron, and gilcx. The active principle ix Colum- 

 bine, which may be obtained either by alcohol or ether. As Calumba 

 contains nothing which can decompose the salt* of iron it may be 

 given along with them. The powder i* a good form : the infusion 

 soon xpoiU, but is otherwise a very excellent form ; a tincture or 

 extract retains the virtue*, and keeps a long time. 



Other roots are often fraudulently substituted for Calumba. Some 

 of theae are supplied by America, others by Africa. The American, 

 which is the most common in England and the north of Europe, is 

 the root of the Prasera H'allera (Mich.), a native of the marshes of 

 Carolina. It may be distinguished from the true by ita whiter colour, 

 lighter texture, the presence of longitudinal pieces, and the taste 

 being at first sweetish, and not nearly so bitter as genuine Calumba. 

 Chemical tests further auist in discriminating them : xolutiou of 

 proto-sulphate or of permuriate of iron, doe* not trouble the tincture 

 of the real, while it give* the false a dark green colour ; the tincture 

 of the genuine yields with tincture of gall* a copious dirty gray 

 precipitate, but the false none. The substance of the true is rendered 

 blue by iodine, the false brown. In large dose* the spurious causes 

 vomiting, but the genuine allays that action. 



Slices of bryony root are often employed to adulterate Calumba 

 root 



COCCUS. [CocciDJt] 



COCCYZUa [CcccuD*.] 



COCHINEAL is extremely rich in the finest red colouring-matter, 

 and has been long employed in scarlet dyeing and in the manufacture 

 of carmine. [CARMINE, in ARTS AND Sc. Div.] 



<'.H hineal ha* been analysed by Pelletier and Caventou, nnd they 

 tind that it contain*: 1, a colouring-matter to which they have 

 given the name of carmine, or carminium ; 2, a peculiar animal 

 matter ; 3, fatty nmtU-r which is soluble in ether, and consisting of 

 tearine, oleine, and an odorous acid ; 4, phosphate of lime and of 

 potash, chloride of potassium, and carbonate of lime, and potash 

 combined with an organic acid. 



Carminium was obtained by Pelletier and Caventou by digesting 

 OoehfaMa] in ether; treating the residue repeatedly with boiling 

 alcohol, allowing it to cool ; treating the deposit formed with pure 

 alcohol, and then adding a volume equal to its own of pure sulphuric 

 ether : a deposit of Carminium is thus formed. 



The chief use of Cochineal is the dyeing of scarlet ; the fine colour 

 which it yield* i* converted to this tint by means of chloride of tin 

 iwually called Muriate of Tin, and by the dyer Tiu Spirits. 



The insect which constitutes Cochineal feeds chiefly upon the 

 ON** eocAuMttyero and C. opwtfio. [CoociD*.] The female insect 

 only i* collected. Several varieties are distinguinhed in commerce, and 

 have different degree* of value attached to them, dependent chiefly upon 

 the different method* employed to kill and dry the insects. When 

 dried they resemble small grains scarcely so large a* a pepper-corn, 

 ovate, convex above, piano below, transversely furrowed, externally 

 blackish brown, but as if dusted with a white powder, light, friable, 

 the internal ubt*nce consisting of extremely small grains, obscurely 

 |inrplo, but when reduced to powder of a rich purple. Inodorous, 

 n l>ittcr-weet acrid taste. They impart to water or alcohol 

 by digention an intensely red colour. The colmiriiiK principle is 

 termed Carmine. Adulterations are effected either by mixing old 

 insect* consisting of the mere skin or grains artificially prepared with 

 the genuine. 



Cochineal has hitherto been employed mostly as a colouring 

 nuteriftl either of tincture* or of other things, the nature of which it 



