

COLEOPTKKA 



t 



I 



. mMmnl slse 

 lit* Mai* of the i 



*, If ; f, Mitran* ; 

 me Uwccl. fig. 3, 



We -rfl now [ULII| to the pupa state of Coleopterou* Insect*. 

 Those bmt that live in UK- ground generally prepare for the pupa 

 Ul* by raoovin* the soil which surrounds them no a* to form an 

 OTm l apace: others form a cpeoies of cocoon around them, 

 of psrtirlai of earth, and other aubstanoe* within reach, 

 ther by a kind of 1- <>r glutinous substance. \V, ,,,.!- 

 Urvat, or those that lire in the trunks or bark of tree*, for the 

 m^ nan aMnmt Uw papa state without such preparation. 



Socae Urnt which bed upon plant* incline themselves in a *phe- 

 lioal ooooon; others again suspend themselves by the tail, and hang 

 fruui a lea/ or stalk of the plant. In one instance we have known the 

 -h.l to easiian the papa state within the skin of the larva. The 

 pane of Coleopterous Ineecta are what is termed incomplete, that is, 

 all the part, of the perfect insect are distinctly risible, the leg*, 

 aatcmc. wing*. *c, Ming each inclosed in a separate sheath, and 

 PP^ M m the pupa or chrysalis state of moths and butterflies, where 

 all ib* part* are soklored together, or a* in the pupa: of the //rmi'frf'ra 

 (bW tribe). or OrOkffltrm (locust-tribe), in which stage the insect is 

 aottve, and ia some iiMUace* cannot be distinguished from the perfect 

 loan*. This character of incompleteness in the pupa is therefore 

 ant of gnat importance, and i* generally added to the dctiniti n of n 

 riJsii4sii*i lasurt. for there are no other insects which, in the pujm 



knob do** not exhibit articulation*, or I* composed of a - 



it i* Mid to be capitate with solid kuoli. Kxamples of th. -. 



i in the genu* Kecro)Jtonu, and of tin- Utter in the genu* 

 Munuiomn. fig. 6 represent* an antenna which beoome* gradually 

 thicker toward* the apex, mod which is termed eUvate. /V../. 7 

 antenna of one of a most extraordinary group of beetles, tl. 

 many of which insect* bare the knob of that in. 

 inflate I an auriculate antenna, and ia so call 



having an ear-like appendage at it* bane. This description .-i imtenmi 

 if |..im.l in the genera Parntu and liyrinut. Fig. V re] 

 antenna of the common Cockchafer (Mtluluntha ru>garii). Thin form 

 of antenna, whieh in termed Umullate, i* foun.l through'". 

 immense tribe of beetles called by I. in '.,,<. nnd which 



ha* received the name of Lamtilicorna from this peculiar character. 



stale, ir* hOTim plstoi and which in the imsgo state could be con- 

 founded with the CWtnfcm 



lUving traced UM beetle through the larva and pupa state*, we 

 arrive at UM la* or ioMgo state, the perfect insect. 



Prrtlr- belong to the Mmmdilmlala, which forms the first of the two 

 great Motion* into which Insects are divided : a section, the indivi- 

 dual* of which are distinguished by thrir possessing distinct nminli 

 be**; aad a* the insrcto of the order CoteopUn poa**** the mandiblra 

 al all other part* of the mouth so well developed, they have by 

 nuay been phoed at the head of the Iiuect-Tnbe. We imagine, 

 however, that the KMOIM *UUd fur *o doing are not sufficient. 



TBS uwt/xny of insect* i. given under the article IXUBTA. Weshall 

 Ihenfun *t pi iisnt cunnoe oundvas to the external part* of a beetle, 

 aad to thner only which it is eseentisl tu know, in order to understand 

 UM description of those insects. 



Whea we look at a beetle, we perceive that it w composed of three 

 distinct parta, the foremost of which is the head ; the next i* 

 the thorax; aad the last the abdomen. 



The head i* famished with two eye*, two antenna*, and the various 

 arc* of the month, called the tropbi The eye* are situated on each 

 id* of the hsed. sod an generally prominent, and always convex 

 Ma*** composed of an immense number of lenses arranged closely 



composed 



fecMher. so that their i 

 cally tanned 



terstice, form hexago 



arranged closely 

 These are techni- 



eyes, and arc of a circular or oval form, 

 k>dnryhapd, aad in some uuUnces (as in the genu* 

 TV~ amoag the CtnmifeUa) they are completely divided. 



Tke aataaMl ia Cotcoptcroa* Insects have their origin generally 

 ear Uk* eyes aad sre uluisted for the most part either between them 

 or before them. 



They arc generally composed of eleven joint. ; 

 is numW cannot be traced, whilst in some few th 



b. traced, whilst in some few there 



to U twelve. Th* form of UM antenna) i* extremely variable 

 will br bast understood bv an iospeotion of the bUowinf ill.,, 

 ma, ** which will b* found mo*t of UM more com, no,, f,,n,,- 

 > of UM more rxtraordinary 



r v 4 renewal* the head (with one antenna attached) of one of the 

 CWnaHseJnV a hug* tribe of bsetl, in 



nod gmidiUt, that is, they have the terminal joints knoed, o 

 it aa aagie with UM basal J..JHL ' describing beetle* of this 

 UM aalcaaa k nMnll* divided into three parts. The loiur 



i* 



tribe 



ba*al joiat <) i* celled* UM aoa>ua, UM several foil,, wing joints (6) are 

 urm^l th* fiiaieala*. sod UM Urminsl joints ! 

 U i ctsvm. F,y t aad UisnraMUl snUnn* whieh arc termed oai.itate 

 or whMb have the terminal joint suddenly .nlarged and 



Wb-n UM. knnb ehibtU distinct artiiiilatinns (fg.t 

 la* anWnns lrrm~i fnliU knob ; and when th 



It must be observed however that slight modification* MIV found. 

 y i<j. 10 is a figure of a serrate antenna. Antenna; are go cnlloil wli.-n 

 they have the apex of the joint* widened, so as to n svinlile the teeth 

 of a saw. Examples may be found in 11 und /(//<. 



^tinate antenna; (fy. 11) are those in which the apex of the joints 

 produced on one Hide, and which somewhat resemble the teeth of 

 comb. There are many examples of this structure in the an- 

 of the Lampyridir, *<., and there are some in which the joints are 

 elongated on each aide : these are termed l.i|>r. tin-it . /'"/. 13 is 

 what i* called a fignate antenna (the joint* on one Bide divided as by 

 ncisures). Thin form of antenna is found in the genus l.iu-ann. 

 Fig. 14 represent* a very common form of antenna (where it is slender 

 and tapering gradually to the apex) ; it i termed seUceoun, and most 

 of the C'araliitlir, and Uframliyritto will afford example*. The ant 

 termed filiform somewhat resemble the last, but the joints are all of 

 equal thickness throughout. The hwt description of antenna: vthi.-h 

 w* shall notice are those termed moniliform. (Fi;i. IS.) Here nil tin- 

 joints are oval or round, and resemble a necklace of bendx. Examples 



I in many of the specie* of the se> 'inera. 



We now come to the parts which constitute the mouth of a beetle ; 

 these, it i* scarcely necessary to say, are nitutited in the fore part of 

 the head : they consist of a labrum, or upper lip ; two mandibles, or 

 jaws; two maxilUo, or under -jaws; and alnbium, or under lip. These 

 are the six principal parts. We shall however also notice the portions 

 e.-ill. d the mi-lit uni. "i- chin, and the clyjwus, since they are frequently 

 mentioned in description*. 



'I'ln- labrum is a movenble plate, often on the same plane with tin. 

 fore part of the head, which it terminates, and genemUy cover* the 

 base (at least) of the mandibles above; hence it is often called the 

 iii'l- r lip. f-in.iiiiL; iw it dors the upper boun.lury of the mouth. 



Thi portion, although of various forms, ifl less liable to variation 

 than most of the oth.-r parts of the mouth. The roost common lrm 

 perluips is somewhat quadrate, or broodtT than long, an in u-i. -I. 



Upon referring to the article CARAHI'*, it will lie seen that i li.it 

 genus and some other olaMly-aUid gem ut.-.l .-1m fly on 



account of the ilillii'-n.-r in thefonnof tliin memlK-r. In one it is 

 dmcribed ss biloliatc ; by this is meant that the l.-il.nitn is not< -hed in 

 the middle, so that the two side-pieces form lobes. (/'/>;. '!'.<.} \Vlim 

 the lahnun is mit thus notrhed, tint pi-esents nti even nnterior mm-^iii. 

 it is described iw entin- In of the other genera . / 



where the Isbnim i descrilxtd u trilobate, the only <litl 

 consists in its having tn-.> notehe* on t he anterior parts. 

 eparstH as it w-r.- in'., tl > 



