COLOPHON' 1TK 



COLUMBID.E. 



at the Molucca*. Raada. and New Guinea ; and an oil it 

 <om thsaa, which U nsed at the tabU when frseh, and for 

 hrMd is also made from them, oakea, buouiu, ftc., 

 fresh they are apt to bring on diarrh.B- and 



.- 



dyeeateriea. aad to nnnaaim an oppression at the breast" The aanie 



-..- 

 imHt.ii- of In.lu and of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago. 



ftuto; Undley, Worn Jfofco.) 

 K. a euane granular variety of (Jamil, presenting 

 JeMsat hue* and a resinous lutre. [GARXET. J 



Coco**.] 

 (CnBUMU.] 

 OT. the common name of Tiunlaya Far/an. 



COLI'IIKh. fCotCWUOJL] 



CummiH.t:. a family of Snakes, the last of the sub-order 

 fVteariae of l>r J. K. Gray. The CWeortM include the families 

 HfJnJ.r jliTuimx). Boi-t* [BolDJt], and Colubrida. This hurt 

 fkaUly hHt4 the geana CWaerr of Limueus, which comprised all 

 the eerpeaai, whether venomous or not, whoee scales beneath the tail 

 arc divided into two, or, more properly speaking, arranged in pairs; 

 but the term is generally applied by Cuvier and other authors to 

 which have transverse plates on the belly, and the 



the tail f .miiug a double row, a flattened head with 

 1 plaits, teeth almost equal, and no poison-fangs. The 

 fclVlahal is Lr. Cray's definition of the sub order CultArina : Jaws 

 strong, both toothed, sometimes with some fang* iu front or grooved 

 teeth behind. Head moderate or in.li-tim-t ; crown often covered 

 with regular shields. The section of this order to which the 

 CW.nJW belong haw the belly covered with broad bind-like shields ; 

 vast without any ; spur-like feet ; the tail conical and tapering. The 

 onlr family in this Motion are the OthAnda, which have the nostril) 

 arW lateral. open ; the head generally shielded. 



Uurrati plaoed the Oelukrid* between the Rattlesnakes (Caudi- 

 WM) and the Vipers. Scopoli's (enen were those of Linnaeus. 

 Ucepede pUoed the OJmkrida at the head of his nine genera of 

 Serpeau, and next to them oame the BOM and Rattlesnakes. 



Serpeau, 

 Ak 



them the last but one of his six genera 



of Ophidians. arranging them between the Vipers and the Boas. 

 UareilU gave the genus a place between Ckenydrtu and Diptat in 

 hi* family at Aaguiviperes. Daudin eumprehended 172 species under 

 the geana, In the synoptical table of Dumeril and Bibron, Cuvier u 

 Mde to place it between Ihptai and Ctrrernu. Oppel subdivides his 

 seortno (the sooond) the S^nammata (Kcailleux) into seven families, 

 of which the C-Jmknda (Cootaivrtfee) ire the hut, coming imme- 

 diate!* afUr the Perado-viperes. Merrem divided the Serpents into 

 two sub-tribe*: in the first sub-division, the Innocui, or serpents 

 without venom, of the first tribe (flWonei), Coluber appears between 

 H-flfl, and //arnoa. De BUinville separated the SerpenU into 

 fifiitt mA Apod*; Oolmbtr coming immediately after Boa, is placed 

 in the maoeooos division of these Apod*. Dr. Harlan made the 



nera, and laoed Colnttr 

 Ur. 



Ophidians, his fourth order, contain six genera, and plaoed Colnttr 

 betweea OfUnmnu, his first, and Ki/xro, his third genus. 



Orfus, in his camprebansive 

 (ISM) arranged the Oolt 

 eevata, the third enb-par 



Haworth arranged the genus CWnor between Scgtale and 

 mnng the Trie garpaute. (Afoda epatptbrata, or serpents without 

 yeUib), and under the umoeuon* branch of the Ouloxia. Fitzinger 

 (I8M) placed the (MalrMto between the Pytkantidf* and the 

 sive third tribe JVonopaoa *]*aimata. 

 OoltAritla and the Boida under his 

 nb-partition of the first sub-division, 

 (with entire teeth), of his third u>> order of Scaly 

 Wader published in 1830 his ' Xaturalichea System der 

 tssnhlhean' He makes his fourth order, the SerpenU, consist of one 

 family only, comprehending 97 genera, and places Coluber the forty 

 nrth between gpiUfm (Wagler) and Hcrprlodryi ( I 



U 1SSS PraaMsor John Muller, of Bonn, published his system 

 the Colubers are arranged by him immediately after Dryimu, as the 

 Uet of the tiniu, the thirl family of his second order, uniting the 

 JfovesfeaMS, which corre^ond to the fftttrodtrma of Dumeril. 



The spseiss of the ireaus C'o/nW, as left by Cuvier, are very 

 MMtvaa, and their geocraphical distribution i. very wide. The 

 fomgn ajulis are some of them remarkable for their vivid colouring, 

 Ml others far the regularity of the pattern, so to speak, with which 

 they are avsrked. Others again are singularly slender in form, but 

 aeae grow to a large rttt. 



The barmlees Common Snake or Ringed Snake (Nei.lr fraith, 

 JJeidr j toaMnrdd, of the Wel.h. Nalrix to^ttnta of Owner and 

 K.v. CVahr .Vatru of Unnsrus) is the best example of the form 



'1 



' W. a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 It has a spreading 5-cleft calyx; petals 5, obovat* 

 Knit eapmlar. dehiscent, trloooemm, girded 



titter bark of which tree U said to bring on violent fermentation in 

 be liquors into which it U thrown. There are several other species 

 leecribed, natives of South America, Africa, and the Bust I 



None of them are of any known use, and are not worth cultivation 



except in general collections. 



Cill.l'MBA. rCoLUMBID-*.] 



CULUM'BID^K, a natural family of Birds, comprising the Pigeons, 

 Doves, and Turtles. 

 Aristotle mentions five, if not six, birds of this group 



auviMMl* ; atigaM* S. 



at the ba by the ealrt. The scads are rurniabed with a shorTstalk. 

 The epeeiM are shnbs with alternate, quite entire, or crenuUtod 

 loan*. nHted with distent feather-nerves, n -,,,|ly pubes 



r rusty villoua. The lowers are in axillary short crowded 

 sa, ar to KsaWai with eiinpte pedaodee, 



^d Saake Wood, is a native of Guinea ; the 



, OTTO, Otvos, and Tpirrvr, entering at Urge into their 

 organisation and habits. (' Hist,' b. i. c. 1 ; b. ii. c. lf>, 17 ; l>. iii. c. 1 ; 

 b. v. c. 18 ; b. vi c. 1, 2, 4, and 8 ; b. viii c. 3 ; b. ix. c. 7.) He also 

 >>. viii. c. 8) speaks of a bird named *a^, whicii Athena>us (' Deipn.,' 

 i. iz. c. 11) and others consider to be one of the Uolumbuttr, while 

 others again hold a different opinion, inasmuch as Atheutuus states 

 that Aristotle has distinguished five species of Pigeons, an.l 

 mumerates *i^ as one, omitting n<Aia>; and so Aristotle does 

 b. viii a 3), but he mentions n<Aeiai elsewhere (b. viii o 18), and it 

 s clear to us from the context that Pkaja signified one of the 

 ., ntpumpotiStit. There is considerable doubt as to which 

 of the species of pigeons Aristotle intended to designate by the 

 erms above given, and some of them have been applied by modern 

 ornithologists to signify forms which he probably never saw. Only 

 .wo, or at most three, can be identified with anything like cer' 

 rMiny (' Nat Hist,' b. x. c. 34) writes 'Do CoIumbU,' and (c. SJ 

 i'nliiiubibiiit.' He enters moreover largely into their habits in other 

 -U of his ' Natural History.' 



Much doubt seems to have prevailed as to the proper place of the 

 ligeous in the system. Belon collected the few species known to him 

 inder the titles Ramiere, Tourtorelles, Bisets, Pigeons Fuyards, and 

 Pigeons, among the birds " qu'on trouve viander iudifTpreuimeut en 

 lous lieux," placing them between the Torcou (Jynjc Toryuitln. \Vry- 

 leck) and the Merlu Bleu (Blue Thrush). Geauer arranged them 

 ttctween the Gallinaceoua Birds and the Bustards ; Aldrovandiis placed 

 them between the Domestic Cock and the Sparrow; Willughby 

 between the Bustards and Thrushes, and Ray gava them the gamo 

 place, Brisson, Pennant, and Latham insulated them in a particular 

 >nier. Pennant also arranged them between the Gallinaceous and 

 Passerine Birds, and Latham between the Paueret and the Gallimr. 

 Other authors placed them among the Gallinaceous Birds. Liunteus 

 made them a genus of 'his order Paueret, arranging them between 

 Tetrao (the Grouse and Partridges, Ac.) and Alautia (the Larks). 

 Cuvier placed them among the Gallinaceous Birds, next to the 

 Tinamous (Tinanaa, Latham; Cryplurut, IlUger), making them the 

 last of the order. In his arrangement the Echassiers (Grallatoret, 

 Wading Birds) form the order which immediately follows the 

 Gallinaces. Lac^pede had previously given them the first place in 

 the last-mentioned family, as did also Dumcril. Meyer had insulated 

 them as his seventh order, coming between the Ckclidone* (Swallow 

 Tribe) and his eighth order, Uattlnac ; and Illiger had found a 

 situation for them under his Keaortt (the Rasorial Birds). La 

 Vaillant, who seems to have been the first who separated the 

 into well-defined divisions, arranged them in three 

 sections ; the first containing the Colombes, Itamiem, and Tourte- 

 relles; the second the Colombars; and the third the Colombi Galline*. 

 Vieillot made them the last family but one (Colombins) of his second 

 tribe (Animlaciyti), arranging them between his Oithiojihaget and 

 Aleclrida. M. Temminck classed them as his ninth order between 

 the Chelidons and the Gallinaces. De Blainvillu's order Spontora, or 

 Les Colombins, contained these birds, and came between the SaJtalora 

 (I'uttera) and the Oradatora (Pheasants or Partridges) : in his 

 amended method, as developed by U. Lherminier, they occupy nearly 

 the same position between the Pattern and the Gallinaceous Birds. 

 C. Bonaparte (Prince of Canino) assigns the same place to them. 

 (' Specchio Comparative.') 



When he wrote the article 'Pigeon ' in the ' Dictionnaire d'Histoire 

 Naturelle,' U. Violllot conformed to the opinion of Linntcus in 

 placing those birds among the Ptuurra, because of its natural great 

 analogy to the last-mentioned group, like nearly the whole of which 

 the pigeons pair in the season of love, the male and female working 

 jointly at the nest, taking their turns during incubation, and partici- 

 pating in the care of the young, which, among the true pigeons, are 

 batched blind, fed in the nest, which they do not quit till they are 

 "covered with feathers, and are supported by their parents some time 

 after their departure from it, having no power to feed themselves. 

 Such are the points of resemblance. Their dissimilarity consist* in 

 their mode of drinkiug and feeding their young, in the nature of their 

 plumage, and the similarity of their courtship and of their voice 

 points of difliTenoo which also separate them from the true gallina- 

 ceous birds, with which, nays M. Vieillot, they have no analogy iu their 

 instincts, their habits, or their loves. Nearly all the gallinaceous 

 birds are polygamous, and lay a great number of eggs each time they 

 incubate, which is rarely more than once a year in the temperate 

 cones; while the true pigeons lay only two eggs each time, incubate 

 frequently during the year, and are monogamous. Among the galli- 

 naceous birds, as a general rule, the male does not solace the female 

 at the time of building the nest and of incubation ; the young run a* 

 soon almost as they are out of the egg-shell, quitting their nest, and 



