



1(1 



147. Tb coal-imeaures hew 

 t MtteMX in hating limeetons as wall u 

 Uh lhebr.1. ofcoel: theeoal 



and i* considered inferior in 

 There ere several collieries, l-ut the 

 The Vowed bl of these 

 Cram Fell. The coal of which it is composed, 

 i lillj 

 Mr. and en*** be burnt by iUrtt Tb. poorer class nue it up into 



y.and nee hferfWoL This bed i. 

 I of the MiwDMUi bed*. < Ann. of Phil,' voL iv.) There 

 k.l mo*. u> thu tnet 



I ! Field* in the North of Yorksir*.-Tbeae an very 

 ent. Ufa* mull insulaud coal beams, lying in hollow. 



T*^owsmrMiddleb.iii,Leyburne.Tbo. 

 MM! w far west a* Kettlew.lL The nun i* Ml.lom 

 then SO inch* thKk. At Thed.well Moor UM lowed MUD U 

 oe yard. but UM etraton disninjshe. ud vani*he at the edges. 

 Mean. Conyheare and Phillip, doubt whether these bed. should not 

 U isfaied to UM U>ia eoal MUM subordinate to tha mUlstone grit 

 r then to UM principal ooal-mouure*. 



of UM great carboniferous chain 

 ' *not * Craven 

 i Carboniferous 



Chain tram Penlgenl to kirkby Huphen? in OeoL Trmn... 1 vol. ir. 

 *m~ it M raaci*c aluag UM UM of junction of UM central chain with 

 UM skirt* of UM Cumbrian .yU-m, |ieslluj along UM *outh flank of 



..... 



x*awe Iron Pe.mt to Kirkby Stephen. Hen, the 

 Mlf oooem. demibed by Profeeeor Sedgwiok (' On the 



C*ssHei low Fell, up llarboodale. UMBO* oroas UM valley of Dent 

 tkrmwk UM upper part of the valley of Sodberxh. and along the 

 naak. of Bow* Pell, and Wildboar Fell, to th. ridge which flank* 



n.l(!e 



UM whole of this line there are 

 dislocation., which affect the strata of 

 UM coal formation and produce other phenomena. Only one of the 

 en! etrata in UM lowest part of the coal-measures i. sufficiently 

 velnahU to b* worked ; it varies from 18 inches to nearly 4 feet in 

 tniekniss At Turn. Fell, nrar Hawes, in Yorkshire and at Tan Hill, 

 near the highest part of the road from Brough to Argragartbdalr. thi. 

 ealstateawvely worked, and i* of good quality. Th* mme warn i* 

 wnnd now Kirkby Stephen. Horumtal drifts have been carried into 

 this bed near the top of Penirat. of Wbernetde. and of Great Colin ; 

 but fas these part* it is of bad quality and not fit for domestic use, 

 being mixed with ferruginous and pyritou* shale. This coal varies in 

 thlitsiii from a mere trace to I bet It was once worked to *ome 

 I on the eowth aid* of UM valley of Dent, by mean* of horUonUl 



r Orewt Colm. It wae only a few incbee in thickneea, but 

 kit* be of eogoodaqaeJHyaetobeingreatreaiMst. About 70 or 

 M year, afo it wu MM OB pack honeii from tl.ii place M far a. 

 Kndl.forUMieorbUekaauth > forR.Aa. Kendal hai long been 

 with fad from the UncaJiir. coal field ; but thi, (act. of 

 a daU. etronglr illtutratei the aitoniihing 

 in oar Mode* of internal 



Barboo ooal pit in WeeUnoreland. a coal bed of thi* series 

 is hk.wu. wrought; the lower part of it i. however so impure *s to 

 h* onnt far ordinary purpose*, and ia chiefly ooncumed in lime-works. 

 The foUowing i* Motion of the straw as occurring in the Barbon 



fwl. In. 

 62 

 1 6 



. I. Alkrrml 8oO 



1 MaU alcareoo. Shale) 



& limmlen*, the 4th or Moedale Moor Limestone 

 of UM imtt Mction 



L Ah^rnation. of Shal* and UriUtone 



T. Crow l.hnmlinji 



ft. PUt* wita n Mnoh Crow-Coal 



LCMMeM .... 



l ' 



27 



The etrmia of the coal are in general much leat reguUriy oonUnuoot 

 then the -u ..f Lm^toM, Thii howerer ie not alwiy. the cnM. 

 SenM W the thte bend, of eoal here aear to continue with artoniah- 



. 



of eoal here appear to continue with artoniah 

 Nl renkrity. The following et.mple u quoted from Profenwr 

 lMrM.L -A- . in the vmlley of Dent, the ooal eeam 



n4nr the U rathce. bMrtone i. dirided, by a band of day half an 

 tath thiek. into te part*, with dietteet mineral character. ; and the 

 eenM eenl a, with cucUy the aame enbditpwiona, ha. been -found 

 tn Ih. liMHiiHln o. the oppeette aide of th. ralley at the dUUnce of 

 tr 4 nUU. miMMed to a etralrirt line. Thieeeemito prore that* 

 hed not More than a fraction of an Inch thick wu originally con- 

 "' thrwagheejt nn area preUbly eerenU mile, in diameter." 



4. Ttmw*' *oL IT. MC. S. p. 101.) 



C-J -ftald of ** YorUi, Xottin.ham. and Drrbj.l 

 rhhl Mteneli. irtd. wbteh in rhancter ie cloerly allie.1 to that of 

 *H hiaieered by MOM gtilce^ete ee n re-emrrgenc 

 ** *"' "< of magnrt.n limeetoi. 

 Meh H h Mej.nliJ through the tMerrnilng ,pM. Tbi. c.l- field 

 i and eovih from a IttUe to the north- 



eartof Leed* nearly tn Derby, a diatano* <' mmv (li;m <..'. i.rl.-?; iU 

 grrateet widtli, TA uiilpo, is on tin 'y HH far as 



Halifax to the went. On the outh it extends to-.-. i-t to 



Ni>ttin);hani, and i hero about 1 2 miles wide ; but .rt* it 



in moon narrowiT. Tlie tmtn of thew cmil may n ''" 



aame manner M in tin Nnrtlnunberland 



dip to the rant and rise to the west and north-went, in \vl.i. 1: 

 tionn the lowest measurai at length i r^p out against the rocke of the 

 milltone-grit eerie*, which onnxtitute the higher ridge* of the I 

 chain. The Ktrata of this coal formation are \ 

 are 20 bed* of gritatone at the least, Rome of great thickness. 

 of these bed* consist of grains of semi-transparent silex nnit.-i 

 argillaceous ccini'iit ; the lowest of these beds is term,.! the millstone 

 nit, beneath which no workable coal u found. Besides th 

 beds there are numerous strata of shale (lnt-clay), hind (indurated 

 loam), and chinch (indurated clay), alternating wkh several beds of 

 coal of different thickness and value. A hard an^llaceoua rock called 

 crow-etone forms in some places the floor of the > and is 



supposed to be a variety of the cluin'h .-till more liighlv 

 The numerous faults in this coal-field r. mh-r it extrrnifly difficult to 

 ascertain the exact number and order of the coal heds. Mr. Bake- 

 well (p. 384) states their number at 80, varying fmm r> inches to 

 and the total thickneasof coal at 26 yards. Tl.,.- h..w.-\.-r I,.- 

 oonaiders as only an approxiniHtinu. Three varieties of c;il ... . nr in 

 these measures: hard, or stone-coal, which burnx to a whit. 

 soft, or bright, which bums to a white ash ; caking, or crozling, which 

 usually burns to a red ash. The first is esteemed the best, and i- in 

 much greater demand than the others. The thickest bed ia worked 

 near Bamsby. In a pit near Hiddleton three seams are being worked ; 

 one at the depth of about 40 to 70 yards from the surface, an 

 58 yards lower, and the deepest from 28 to 32 yar< I 

 the whole depth from 106 to 140 yards. The upper seam is about 2 

 feet 8 inches thick, th,- middle oeiim from 2 fet-t 10 inches t<> 

 4 inches, and the lower one from 4 feet 6 inches to .' 



The strata of thi. field are traversed by an immense fault com- 



11 Allestry, in the south, ami running in a i^grag dii 

 through the south and east part of the field ; the rise of the ot i 

 said to be much more rapid on the western than the eafttem I 

 the fault. Besides this great fault there are many oth r - \vlm-h 

 tnvene the field in various directions, and create an inexti 

 fuuon by the rise and fall of the different strata, rendering it ; 

 impossible to trace distinctly the continuation of each I ..1. II 

 field supplies the coal for the important manufactures which surruml 

 it, and also, by means of inland navigation, the midland enmities 

 south and east of Derbyshire. 



A little to the west of the coal-field already described, coal has been 

 found iu two places about half-way between Ashborne and KT!>Y, but 

 it has not been worked. 



N..rth Stafford. There are two detached coal- 

 fields: the one situated on the north-caM . I .ym-, 

 distinguished as the Pottery Cmil-r'irl.1 ; the other at <> the 

 east of the firxt. The form of the I' "'' iy i'n:il-l''irld i 

 IU vertex U near Congleton, from whi<-h point the sidea <li\i 

 the south-south-east and south-south-west, running in each ilh 

 about ten miles ; the base i.- 



castle is nearly in the centre of the batte. The strata dip from the 

 two .ides to the centre of the area. On the eastern H\.|, the inclina- 

 tion westward is estimated at one foot in four ; on the other xidc it is 

 still more rapid. Between Hurxlem and its eastern lim 

 the centre of the coal-field, it has been aneeit .lim-d tl> 



In of coal of various thickness, generally from ulmu; 8 to 10 

 feet each ; but the.ntrnta are in t:eneml n 



In the principal mines in this district coal is found at various 



from 60 to 300 yards an 

 worked at th<' <lfptli .if nmn 1 t.hnn 400 yards. Son i.ly 20 



thick have occasionally heen worked, but they are .-- 

 worked und< r :! ..r I f.-i't thi. ! 



The Chendh- I'ml-KiiOd i an insuliited basin siirrntin- 

 renosing upon nnlli-t<mc grit ; it in about five mil . s 1 -n.; anil three 

 milra liroa/l, and i- ! Httlr imp .rhuice. 



6. The SI. Co .; i'';.-l,| i- ,.,-p . 



b Vorkuhiri! ami |)i rhy. hire hy the ranp- of lofty 



hillii e\t<-ii<lin)> from near Coin, to Klnckxtnni 1 K<U nee to 



It i'iiiiiiiii.iiccx nenr the went. -i ii ;-idc of thin 



north-wwt of I ' thence to the 



>vetrni |rt of Lancaiiliiii-, forming an area somenhat in the 



h]e of a . The 



Mi..nl or I>|NIII Iwlwevn the opposite horns is about fort] mile*. It 



runs nearly due north from Macclesfield to a few n. Roobr 



dale, a distance of thirty miles; the |rt bctv 1,-nfield and 



ManebesUr is however very narrow, lieiiiK in Borne places not two 



miles in width. Prom Rochdale it extends westwar. n and 



,n.l I'n.-.'ot, north - w .--t I,, i 

 .: it as a whole, the strata rue towardn the 

 -if thin crescent-shaped coal tiel.l, ulon^ hich th-' 

 "f mil. i which they ivpnue, crop out from ben-atli 



naddip sowarda ita inner edge, where thej 

 *traU of the newer randtU-i .i.Uiiu occa^ 



