'.IIHI I 



rk ryLn to. Th* k4y I* tlnj**, d nmr'y ctlin- 

 * tairlur ikan Ik* bod*, and 



body, and filiform ; tbe 

 and tk* terminal jointe are 



I :.. ', i ita 

 blaokor 



rkntvally I 



hare twn dieeovored. ami they 

 at Ik* ji.*.: ft ar recorded as 



. are < mftiau. C. drwrw. and C. 

 an inch in length ; colour black ; 

 k.lM*^U**<vtrsr*4 brown; tkr** btnt white mtcttt are aitaated 

 ~r ik. nuddl* of ik. elytra ; and there b a white patch at th* apex, 

 n in tk* MMibenrkood of London 

 lU larva in tk* rotten wood of old black- 



aam**la* attholatt; its colour i. black; 



ttntandbM.ef Ihei reddish; the former with the thigh. of 



Ik. two inturiir | airs htakUh ; thorax with a yellow band ou the 

 pnry an I analknr on Ik* potterior ; aoatellum yellow ; elytra 



TMt MM* It frtonawUy not with in garden* and wood* in the 



i han.llod it makes a 



nftansllk*! 







to b* prodootd by UM friction of the thorax 

 * aMooMO whioh 



III nr; ik kiar. oatoured a* in the hut-mentioned tpecie* ; 

 tkeru k*a a y*Uow band oa the fure put, and an interrupted 

 Ik* ...Ule. Ik* elytra bar* thn. yellow band*. and to 

 Ik* bas. thrw uu of ti earae colour ; Ik* tooUUom M also ye 



i either of th* preceding specie* ; H 

 tk* C Jrisvit. but U considerably larger and 

 The antenna* are entirely of a reddish-yellow 



. tk^ 



I band 

 toward* 



i spam of Ik* tarn* colour; the sootellum i* alto yellow. 

 - Ml IICM. a g*aas of ifnfimJr. propoaad by Uoldfua* for 

 MM fo-iU nanallv ranked a* JiumHUi* and **. 

 [BLOOD.] 

 (Arum] 



.vtaaiDJLJ 



vL. an onaqo* mhaibU mineral substeaee of a black or 

 brown etor. and in all cat** giving indication* of having bean 

 a TonUbW aourea Snoh i* a deanitioo that would 



r and tk* art* for Ik* porpoaw of eombntttoo, and popularly 

 I tint* M should b* tUted that the term baa 

 i lh.t U universally admitted, 

 rtb* term in 



COAL. 



of America with the eame differences of opinion ; and we refer to three 

 um to allow the difficulty <>f defining accurately thin well-known 

 ubetaoo*. It may be regarded in the pretent ttate of our knowledge 

 as one of thoee instances in which the typical form i* lost by irregular 

 oombination ith other and difTerent substance*. 



That Coal U and munt be of vegetable origin aeemi to be agreed 

 upon by all inquirer*, but the question of how to determine that 

 origin in particular cam i* the difficulty. Again, it i* well k 

 that coal after it i* deposited undergoes certain chemical change* by 

 which rabttenea* with a very definite chemical character are pro- 

 duced, auch a* bitumen, paraffine, Ac. Thete, mixed with the coal 

 iv*. If and the earthy matter* around, may form compound Biibstancee 

 nl. .n( wbnae natur* there may be conaiderable difference of opinion. 

 Tlim i* not iniprubably the caw with the Torbane-Hill mineral, and 

 will acoonnt for the peculiarity of both it* chemical and microscopical 

 character*. 



Coal presents iteelf ordinarily in a manrive form, and in IHT 

 aectile. It ha* a hardnen* of 2'5, an-1 a p<-cific gravity of 1 "1 t.> 1 ','. 

 It i* opaque, and ha* a black or brown colour. It ohemiea] compo- 

 nition i* dutinguiahed by the pretence of carbon : in ail.lition, it alo 

 yield*, on ultimate analyaia, hydrogen, oxygen, an<l nitrogen, t'u 

 burning it leave* an a*h which consute of varying qiuintities t>t 

 alumina, and oxide of iron. The carbon and hydrogen ar< 

 found chemically united to form bituminous compouudn which are 

 mixed with the coal. It i* the pretence of these compound* \\lii< h 

 cauaet coal* to bum with a bright flame ; at the tame time they give 

 off a bitiitniiioii* inluur. Thote dt-Htitiit<- of bitunr 

 burn with a pale blue flame, due to carbonic oxide, which i formed 

 in that* oatet through the decomponition of the water present. 



The following table, founded on Mr. Munhet'n Analysis of Coal, it 

 taken from Profeator Anttod'* ' Elementary Course of Geology, 

 Mineralogy, and Physical Geography :' 



Analytn of rariotu Kindt of C> 



mtaiv and Ik* art 

 UM Ceal. At Ik* 





> with kw own vfarwa. A* tk* knowjadg/of chemioal prin- 

 i of Invmthmtiim kav* advanced, substance, which 

 as identical hare bean shown to have a 

 Try daW^t thitnlial mmpotHlon at wU miatraatopie ttrootnra. 



to Ik* 



WkntlsCoalt 



For lat*nr*. in onr eoorU *f law, on* of the 

 t* of Otlfaspie r. RanHU-wa* tried in Edinburgh during the pre- 

 ftin U Ikit ***, by an afrwoMot far a I*M* *ntarad 

 Ik* plain** and oWrttdaaU. tk* former agreed U. gnat 

 a btnt of - Ik* wbot* coal, ironttena, iron-ore, limoatone, 

 >jr. but not to noanrtntnd OMMMT or any other mineral 

 l< .u alUtrd by the plautifii that, although th* 



i upon iron-ore 



I r*el*yofworkaU. value, they had neglected 

 tksM. and bad cW4jr workod a onrtnin minaral mbsteoc* which th* 

 fmlatl.1 imliiilil was not let to tk* -* - i ~r*i. not bning on* of 

 Ik* asinaral i it il i 1 1 1 *ptind in tk* agrrmnt. Thit mineral wa* 

 f n>Mk (rmtar vahm. K wa. Xatod, than any which th* dei.ndi.nu 

 Mr* pavmrlted to work. Ahhongh Mad at a eombartibl. material, 

 i was not ooal. and that it. cbemical, 

 I narsriln w*r* not thoaeof ooai 

 On ik* otk*r hand, it was nmtrted by th* aaftailanti thatth* mineral 

 tn .tisUa wa* *aal ; tkal they had Urn Ud to atok a lent* of tbe 

 TuiW. HUi ounte frarn th* fart that on tk* 'adjoining land* of 

 t**ad Ikl* mlitnl *in1*d. and was worked and aold a* ooal. being 

 known to th* markets by tk* nam* of tk* Boghead OM Coal' This 

 tntnl. ttwr *ontond*d; wm nm* **al balonging to Ik* variety known 



_v. f^^nrnja-J f^ I^BaWtml f '*^tl Tknm tnY^svl ni innAsnn1hn*n*nInnnv n *>*.-ussst , f *U. 

 > V*sli 1MB *r**H WnW BnTCaWVaHO^ fHB tsCOOUn v Ol UM 



afltnul m nbant *|al nnmb>n on either 



i en*jta*dus( that th* mlatr.1 wa* ooal. whiltt the 



nBanal M WsM nVsC. A IsUWA sBannVnntil r inttmr.nnis'ititr f-\t 



ter* of eml and tk. *nli > with which H it band nmo- 

 M* hud b*fcr tk* jury, who tnm* to tk* ooanmtion that, 

 *tr rniRtrt b* UM rmoH of aoiortH. l.tmUjiUiio in more 

 viy Knln* the nalnn of coal and limitiog toe us. of that 

 hth nksatdb and cWnftnant. osIUd tkm minoral ooal wbto tk* 

 drawn *,. and tht*fui. gar* a vordict in favour of th* 



Tfctl 



mw w.fi 



trUtn has law b*M debated in Scotland ha* 

 tk* law Mrt* of Onntmay and of tk* United State* 



Th* following analyse* of the Torbane-Hill Mineral and Cannel < '. ..il 

 w*r* prevented by Dr. Kyfe at the trial in Edinburgh : 



Torbsnr.lllll Mlnrrsl 

 Caaetdrae Caaarl Coal 



r.rb. 

 60-39 

 48-7 



Hyil. 

 8-8 

 6-8 



Oxy. 

 3-6 

 8-8 



Nit. 

 1-4 

 1-9 



Snip. 



9-3 



0-24 



A.h. 

 25-6 

 24-4 



Th* Torbane mineral i* only remarkable amongst other ooalit lor 

 th* Urge quantity of sulphur it contain*. 



A large neries of coals, more especially Welsh, has been sul.i 

 to ohamical examination by order of the government ; and the fol- 

 lowing table is takrn from the ' Report on the Coals suit. -.1 to ilm 

 Steam Navy,' by Sn- 11 ; ,M.| lir. l.yon Pkyfnir, in 



the second volume of the ' Memoirs of the Geological Survey ot 

 Be itain : ' 



