THE 



ENGLISH CYCLOPEDIA. 



NATURAL HISTORY. 



CLIVINA. 



CLUPEIDJE. 



CLIVI'NA, ft genus of Coleopterous Insects of the family Searilidtr, 



tlinililJiniia. It baa the following characters: Body 



elongate, somewhat cylindrical ; antenna; moniliform, the basal joint* 



rather long (the first longest). the n maining joint* short and rounded ; 



jwlpi with the t. rniinal joint long and pointed ; mentum trilobate; 



thorax nearly square ; anterior tibiae broad and compressed, with two 



s externally, leaving three long pointed tooth-like processes; 



the intermediate pair of legs with one of these external processes on 



the tibia. 



Dejean incorporates with this genus that of Dytrhiriut, but we 

 think without sufficient reason. 



These insects are of small size, and live under stones in damp 

 situations, particularly on the margins of rivers, lakes, ic. Their 

 dentated anterior tibia; enable them to burrow like the Lamellicorn 

 Beetles. 



Of the genus Clirina but few species are known. In England there 

 are two ; the more common in C. foaor (or C. arcnaria of some 

 authors). This species is rather more than ,ths of an inch in length, 

 and of a black or brown colour ; the legs, antennao, and pnlpi, are 

 reddish. C. collaru, the other British species, is rather less than the 

 one just described. It is black, and has cheatuut-red elytra, sometimes 

 with a black dash on the suture. 



The species of tin- KI-IMIX Ihwhiriu* are distinguished from those of 



Clirina principally by their having the thorax globular, the terminal 



joint of the palpi thicker in proportion, and somewhat securiform. 



The body is generally shorter in proportion, and more convex, or less 



cylindrical ; they are almost always of a brassy metallic colour, 



IK the species of Clirina are black or brown, and without any 



c hue. 



Of the genus Tiyichirivt between twenty and thirty species are 

 .known. Their habits are much like those of the genus Clirina, but 

 they are less frequently found under stones, and often make cylin- 

 drical burrows in the ground in banks at the margin of rivers or 

 other pieces of water. Upwards of twelve species inhabit this country, 

 the largest of which is scarcely more than one-eighth of an inch in 



(M.nANTHITK. [NiCKEL.1 



CI.OT. [HlooD.] 



CLOTHO, a genus of Fossil Bivalve Shells, established by Faujas 



int Fond. Shell ovnl, subregulor, striated longitudinally, equi- 



valve, subequilateral. Hinge formed by a bifid tooth, curved into a 



hook, a little larger in one valve than in the other. Ligament 



external. 



' I.'iTHoMA. [BoiD*.] 



CLbUDBERR V, a dwarf kind of Bramble, with herbaceous stems, 

 and orange-yi How fruit, found in turfy alpine bogs ; it is the Rubut 

 chamamorui of botanists. Its fruit is excellently well flavoured when 

 Iirwlv !"ti,, i, ,1. [RtJBtlS.] 



1 I 'iVKI'INK, a species of Ttianlhut, so called from a supposed 

 .lance in odour between its flowers and the cloves of the shops. 



[TRIFOUUM.] 

 CLO MiToriiTi.r.rs.] 



* SNAKK MOSS, is a prostrate moss-like plant, 



with small scaly imbricated leaves, found in alpine or damp situations 



t purU of tho world. Ite fructification consists of little two- 



valved cases, containing powdery matter. All the species belong to 



> AT. HIST. mv. vi. i ir. 



the genus Lyropodium ; that to which the name is most commonly 

 applied is L. claraium. [LvcopomUM.] 



CLUNCH, a name given to the lower and harder beds of tho 

 Cretaceous Rocks. They are occasionally used for building purposes, 

 and have been especially employed for internal work in cathedrals 

 and other large public buildings. This material stands well if not 

 exposed to accidents from mechanical violence. (Ansted, Elemmtary 

 Geoloyy.) 



CLUPE'ID^E, a family of Fishes of the section Abdominales. The 

 Clupeida are placed by Cuvier between the Salmonidte ard the 

 Gadula : in fact they form the fifth and last division of his section 

 ' Malacopterygiens Abdominaux.' The fishes of this division may be 

 distinguished by their wanting the adipose fin, by having the upper 

 jaw composed of the intermaxillary bones in the middle, and the 

 maxillaries at the sides, and by the body being always covered with 

 scales. Some of the species ascend rivers. 



The genus Clvpea, as now restricted by Cuvier, mny be thus 

 characterised : Maxillaries arched in front ; opening of the mouth 

 moderate ; upper jaw entire ; body compressed and covered with 

 large scales ; teeth minute or wanting. To this genus belong the 

 Herring, Sprat, WhiUbait, Pilchard, 4c. 



C. Itarengta, Linn., the Herring (French, T.e Hareng Commun), is a 

 fish well known. Its characters however will be useful to distinguish 

 it from some allied species ; they are as follows : 



Small teeth in both jaws ; suboperculum rounded ; veins on the 

 infra-orbitals and gill-covers ; dorsal fin behind the centre of gravity ; 

 this fin commences about half way between the point of the upper 

 jaw and the end of the fleshy portion of the tail ; ventrals placed 

 beneath the middle of the dorsal fin ; tail forked ; length of the head 

 one-fifth of that of the body ; the greatest depth of the body one-fifth 

 of the whole length. The upper part of the fish is blue or green, 

 according to the light ; the sides, belly, and gill-covers are silvery- 

 white ; ordinary length, ten to twelve inches. 



The term Herring is the same as the German Hiiring, which, 

 according to some, is derived from Heer, an army, and is applied to 

 these fishes from their visiting the coasts in such immense numbers. 



"The Herring inhabits the deep waters all round the British 

 coasts, and approaches the shores in the months of August and 

 September for the purpose of depositing its spawn, which takes place 

 in October, or the beginning of November. It is during these mouths 

 that the great fishing is carried on, for after the spawning is over it 

 returns to deep water. The mode of fishing for herrings is by drift- 

 nets, very similar to tho<-e employed for taking mackerel and pilchard, 

 with a slight difference in the size of the mesh. The net is suspended 

 by its upper edge from the drift-rope by various shorter and smaller 

 ropes, called buoy-ropes ; and considerable practical skill is required 

 in the arrangement, that the net may hang with the meshes square, 

 smooth and even, in the water, and at the proper depth ; for according 

 to the wind, tide, situation of their food, and other causes, the herrings 

 swim at various distances below the surface. 



"The size of the boat used depends on the distance from shore at 

 which the fishery is carried on, but whether in deep or in shallow 

 water, the nets are only in actual use during the night. It in found 

 that the fish strike the nets in much greater numbers when it is dark 

 than when it is light : the darkest nights therefore aud those in which 

 the surface of the water is ruffled by a breeze are consider, d the most 

 favourable. It is supposed that nets stretched ill the daytime alarm 



