rarnu 



CONIt'M. 



i.'i 



b DM abell bemf inversely eonical ; the aperture long 

 UM ootsr Up notobed at or near UM suture ; operctiliim 



The animal ha* n oblong fout truncated in 



fruol, wiUi ouo|cuuo pura in UM utiaai. The bawl U produced, 

 nd lhctn>Uc>M.n:frp.rt. Tli* eye. are atta^l to the tentacle*. 

 TW fill* *r two. The lingual teeth are In pairs, elongate, subulate. 



according 

 agon of C. 



Laaarek record* niw fowl *p<*CM of OtmUa. Deahayw in his 

 TO*.' oMlwtk*MimlMr(brt7iiiii*<t<rtiuTX one of which, C'. Atf/.- 

 tarrMrw. b* give, as both living and foal (tertiary). Mr. O. B. 

 8ow<rfay COeacra') say. : - Koasil cone* re not unfrequent; but 

 w. behove that they occur only la the newer strata, or those above 

 UM rh.lk.wch as Uw London Clay and Crag in England, the Calcaire 

 OroMMT in France, and UM contemporaneous bed* in other countries. 

 Tbr an a few wen in collection*, filled with a coarse dark-green 

 substance; Iliian belong to the Terrains Calcareo-'l'rap- 

 oogniart. Doubtful CM** are met with in the inferior Oolite, 

 to Conybeare and Phillip*." The name author giTe a 

 C. Jormiior, a fossil from Barton, approaching very near to 

 ivma. Many specie* are found in the blue mark of the south 

 of France (X. Maroel de Semi). M. da Baaterot gives many from 

 Bordeaux and Dax. tc.; one of them, C. dtperditot of Lamarck, a* 

 analog, to the exwting specie* at Owhyhee. Among the fossil 

 mini from the weatern borders of the Red Sea, collected by Mr. 

 Jame Burton, named by I>r. J. E. Gray and Sir. Kreml.ley, and com- 

 municated to Sir Charles Lyell by Mr. Greenough, are twelve species 

 all living; but neither C. Mtdiierrtmau nor C. deperditvt appears in 

 the list 



Tennant in his List of British Fossils records three specie* of Plruro- 

 loma in the Crag and nineteen in the London Clay, and nine species of 

 CWiu in the latter formation. 



i natural order of Gymnospermous Exogens (called 

 by Dr. Lindley Ptnotar), consisting of resinous, mostly evergreen, 

 hard-learn] trees or shrubs, inhabiting all those part* of the world in 

 which arboraacent plant* can exist Under this name are collected 

 UM rarioua nee* of fir-tree*, pine*, cedars, juniper*, cypresses, and 

 UM like, which, however dJMJmilar they may at first sight appear, 

 eotrsaixiad not only in their universally terebintaoeous sap, but in 

 the following points of organisation : They all branch from numerous 

 bods, proceeding from the aide of a main stem. Their wood consist* 

 f tubas of nearly equal diameter, among which there are here and 

 there nst.iUr cavitim which receive the resin that exudes from the 

 wood. The sides of the woody tubas are marked by circular discs, 

 which when highly magnified appear as if consisting of a smaller 

 internal and a large external circle : the nature and use of these disc* 

 are unknown. The following cut represent* highly-magnified sections 

 of a piece of deal A shows the nearly equal sue of the woody tubes 

 when viewed transversely ; B is a perpendicular section with the discs 

 MB OB UM sides of the tubes. 



The leave* arc articulated with the stem, and very often are linear, 

 veinlmc", and aharp-poinUd ; but in aome cases, as Salubwia eulianti- 

 /alia, jty. 1, and Podofarjau atplniif,J,a. .',/. 2, the leave* become 

 brnad, and then they are filial with vriiu, which are all of the same 

 i*f. and branch by repeatedly forking ; a mode of veining known 

 only in the** pboto and in fen*. The flowers are collected in little 

 scaly ooooi ; males in on* cone and femalrs in another. The female* 

 have no pericarpial covering;, but consist of naked ovule*, to which 

 fertilisation b communicated directly from the pollen, without the 

 InUrpoaHioa of a style or stigma. When the fruit is ripe it consist* 

 of a rertain number of scale* collected into a cone, and inclosing the 



naked seeds in their axil*. Sometime* such HCales arc thin <u in tic.- 

 larch, or hard and long in in the pine, or even su.-.'nl.-nt :i> in tin- 

 juniper, whose berries, as they are named, are small oon 

 nilent consolidated scale*. 



Fir. I. 



Fig. 2. 



SalMnrin iirliaiitifalia. rodocarpus atftrniifolia. 



I.inclU-y plnces this order between the Cymln-'fi' ami T 

 There are 20 genera and above 100 xpecies, which include tn-.> and 

 shrubs of universal importance to mankind. Gignntk- in -i/v, r.cpi.l 

 in growth, m.l.le in aspect, robust in constitution, those trees form a 

 conxiderable proportion of woods and plantations iu cultivated 

 countries, and of forest* where nature remains in temperate countries 

 in a savage state. They are natives of various ports of the \viM. 

 from the perpetual snows of arctic America to the hottest regions ,,)' 

 the Indian Archipelago. The principal part of the order is found in 

 temperate climates. In Europe, Siberia, China, and the tempenitV 

 part* of North America, the species are exceedingly abundant The 

 timber of these trees is exceedingly valuable iu cimmceive, and H 

 known under the names of Deal, Fir, Pine, and Cedar. Their reriiium.j 

 secretions are also well known by the names of Oil of Turjiciitiiio, 

 Burgundy Pitch, Canadian Balsam, &c. The common Larch yields 

 Venetian Turpentine ; Liquid Storax is procured from a specie* of 

 Pine ; the branches of the Hemlock Spruce are used in making xpi -in < 

 beer ; and the Savin, which is well known in medicine, is a species 

 of Juniper. 



CONIROSTKKS, a family of Birds, the third amongst Cuvier's 

 Pattern. It comprises those genera which hare a strong bill, m 

 less conical, and without notches. Cuvicr says that they live exclu- 

 sively upon seeds, in proportion as their bill is incu-e or le.-- thick. 

 The Comrottrtt form one of the five tribes of the order Inse*s< 

 Mr. Vigor*. [Bum-. | 



CON I UM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order A ;< . 

 or Umbcllifcrie. It has an obsolete calyx; petals obcordate, 

 what emarginatc, with a very short inflexed lobe. Fniit o mi- 

 nt the side; ovate. Half-fruits with five prominent equal undulated 

 ridge*, of which the lateral are on the border. Channels with many 

 stria;, but no vitta?. Biennials. Hoot fusiform; stem taper lirun 

 leave* decompound ; both involucres 3-5-leaved, the partial one-halved. 

 Powers white, all fertile. 



C. maculalum, Hemlock, is found in waste pine . ^ throughout 

 Europe, the east of Asia, and the cultivated parts ..f Amerje.-i. It 

 possesses highly narcotic and dangerous qualities, but is used mcdi- 

 einally as a remedy in nervous affections. It has a white fusiform 

 biennial root; an erect branched bright-green spotted stem, l>< m 

 five to ten feet high, ou which are planted so many smooth finely cut 

 large fern-like leave*. When very healthy, and growing in a s]x>t 

 where it is neither injured by storms nor disfigured by dust, the 

 Hemlock is one of the most noble of our wild plants. Its little 

 greenish white flowers, arranged in umbels after the manner of its 

 order, have a minute involucre of several leaves at the base; and the 

 partial umbels have also three or four short oval leaflets on one si.]. . 

 The fruit is globular, each half having five projecting angles, which 

 are slightly crenelled, without either vitta; or appendages or | 

 tion* between them. It grows in wild places, sometimes by the. 

 side* of ditches in meadows, but more frequently in light upland 



pastures, flowering in June and July. It is alienist t) nly wild 



umbelliferous plant whose fruit is destitute of vitta;, and consequently 

 not aromatic. 



It is necessary to pay the greatest attention to the botanical cha- 

 racters of C'oni'tim macula/urn, in order that, the genuine plant may be 

 collected. Sometimes plants resembling it are collected, which are 

 almost or entirely inert when . ni].l..\> Heine; or i 



