COPPKIl. 



131 



wunawoud U i* employed in tit* Brazil* hi 



-.yb. 



,and 



in 4ll ihoe* oa*~> when UM Artemisia U indicated. It 



panintkriy b--et- IB Ik* chronic dbeaee. of how-, which an 

 Ywffowlaflhfepbat. U nay be employed in UM form of u extract 



has st*il*, broad -lanceolate, acute, serrated leaves ; 

 IfcttiKiat*. It i. a native of North America, 

 volatile oil. which firm out UM odour of 



TU* yrupeUj i* also poenesed by </. cempkormttL 



, Jsaf>rfi*Wis / Ptumtt; K.ocb, Plr* (jrrmamica ; Lindley, 



of PlanU belonging to the natural order 

 A reafisifisa, TSM *p*eM* art small tote* with impari-pinnate leave* ; 

 IsU*** alternate, unequal at UM bate, or oblique. 



C ~Mrft i* a native of China and the Molucca* ; it has ovate 

 luianliti Uatete, -~.^.l~.*~t_ hardly unequal at the ba*e. It i* a 

 Idifll mmt trt* bearing eatehlo fruit about the sice of a pigeon's egg, 

 yellow oo UM outside, UM plp white, rather acrid, but sweet. This 

 frait i* irtnmiJ as an article of diet in China and the Indian Arch* 

 prlago, and i* known by UM name of Wampte. There are two 01 

 Uu~t other net**, native* of the East, all known at Wampee Trees. 



COOT. fnM I.IPM 1 



COPAI'FERA, a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 Lryuminota, sometime* placed in the Amyridacea. It has 



a (parted calyx, segments diverging, the lowest the narrowest 

 CoraOa. wanting; stemeus 10, declinate. Ovary roundish, com- 

 piatttl. with i ovule*. Fruit pedicellate, oblique, obovate, 2-valved, 

 1-tMded; *~xi iodoeed in a 1 -sided aril The species are tree* or 

 drubs, inhabiting tropical America. Their trunk* yield balsam by 

 (citimtx Tb* leaves an alternate, pinnated equally or unequally ; 

 Issiflet* oppoeite or alternate, either dotted or not The flower* 

 an arranged in compound axillary and terminal spike*. 



C. /, the C. ofkinalii of Jacquin, i* a native of the Wast 

 Indie*. Th leave* an generally equally pinnated ; leaflets in 2-5 

 pain, incurved, ovate, unequal-aided, obtusely acuminate, with 

 pdloeid dot*. From thi* species is obtained thn Copaiva Balsam 

 of UM West Indie*, which i* used in medicine, [COPAIVA, in ABTS 

 AD Sc. Di v.J 



J/vV ha* equally-pinnated leave* ; leaflet* 6-10 pairs, some- 

 what incurved, unequal-sided, with a long tapering point and pellucid 

 dot*. UM lower ovate-oblong, the upper lanceolate. Thi* U said to 

 yield UM Copaiva exported from Para. 



f. f*~Wii^ grows In the province of a Paulo in Brazil. It ha* 

 kaleU in M pain, equal-idd, obtuse, with pellucid dot* ; the lower 

 OTS**, UM upper elliptical: UM petiole* and peduncle* slightly 

 downy. 



The Copaiva Balsmm of Brazil it furnuhed by thi* and the next 



.e*nM.u*l*o a native of & Paulo in Brazil. It ha. leaflet, in 

 t* pain. UlpUotl, quald~l, emarginate, not dotted ; petiole, and 



- V^f'T ooth ' "^ B<J " ua "* CP~~. > "* bitter 

 - Bqaid resin, is apparently furniabed by all the species of thi* 

 L^ ove an (nv-j_ upon the authority of Hayne, who 



uid braetrata. The k'~"" is said to gush out of the heart of tue*e 

 tree* In large quantitie* when wounded 



COPAL, a reain po**e*ted of peculiar propertiea, the produce of 

 the KAiu copallimtm, a native of Mexico ; it us in rounded masse*, 

 imooth and brittle, transparent or nearly *o, without colour or having 

 a slight tinge of yellow; it has but little taste, and in nearly 

 inodorous; it is insoluble in water, fusible, and inflammable. It 

 differ* from mo*t other renins in it* very sparing solubility in alcohol ; 

 and of the little that disaolve* with the assistance of heat the greater 

 part is deposited a* the solution cool*. It is dissolved by ether and 

 some essential oil*. 



A substance resembling Copal i* alao found mineral, which U called 

 Fuuil Copal. It is however insoluble in alcohol 



CO'PHINUS, a fossil genus whose affinities are uncertain. (Murch. 

 'SiLSy.f pi 26, f. 12.) 



COPPER, one of the metal*, occurs native in considerable quantities ; 

 also combined with oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and various acids. Tin 

 ores of copper vary in specific gravity from 8'5 to 8'5, and seldom exceed 

 4 in hardness. Many of the ores give to borax a green colour in the 

 outer flame, and an opaque dull red in the inner. With carbonate of 

 soda on charcoal, nearly all the ore* are reduced, and a globule of 

 copper obtained ; borax and tinfoil are required in some cases, where 

 a combination with other metals conceals the copper. When soluble 

 in the acids, a clean plate of iron inserted in the solution become* 

 covered with copper, and ammonia produces a blue solution. 



NATIVE COPPER. Monometrio. In octahedrons; no cleavage Appa- 

 rent Often in plates or masses, or arborescent and filiform ha|*s. 

 Colour copper-red. Ductile and malleable. Hardness, 2'5 to 8. Specific 

 gravity, 8-58. 



Native copper often contains a little silver disseminated throughout 

 Before the blow-pipe it fuses readily, and on cooling it is covered 



it. 



mortar-beda, w the C. 



with a black oxide. It dissolves in nitric acid, and produces a blue 

 solution with ammonia. 



Native copper accompanies the ores of copper, and usually occurs 

 in the vicinity of dykes of igneous rocks. Siberia, Brazil, and Corn- 

 wall, are noted for the copper they have produced. A mass, supposed 

 to be from Bahia, now at Lisbon, weighs 2616 Ibs. The vicinity of 

 Lake Superior is one of the most extraordinary regions in the world 

 for its native copper, where it occurs mostly in vertical seams in trap, 

 and also in the inclosing sandstone. A mass weighing 3704 Ibs. has 

 been taken from thence to Washington city. One large mass weigh- 

 ing 80 tons was quarried out in the same district It was 50 feet 

 long, 6 feet deep, and averaged 6 inches in thickness. This copper 

 contains intimately mixed with it about 3-lOths per cent of silver. 

 Besides this, perfectly pure silver in strings, masses, and grains is 

 often disseminated through the copper ; and some masses when 

 polished appear sprinkled with large white spots of silver. CryxtaU 

 of native copper ore also found penetrating masses of prchuite and 

 analcime in the trap rock. This mixture of copper and silver cannot 

 be imitated by art, as the two metals form an alloy when melted 

 together. It is probable that the separation in the rocks is due to 

 the cooling from fusion being so extremely gradual as to allow the 

 two metals to solidify separately at their respective temperatures of 

 solidification ; the trap being an igneous rock, and ages often elap^m/. 

 as is well known, during the cooling of a bed of lava covered from 

 the air. Small specimens of native copper have been found in various 

 parts of the United State*. It occurs also in Australia. 



Vitreuut Copper Ore. Trimetric. Cleavage parallel to the faces of 

 a right rhombic prism, but indistinct Secondary forms, variously 

 modified rhombic prisms. It occurs also in compound crystals like 

 arragonite; often massive. Colour and streak blackish lead-gray, 

 often tarnished, blue or green, streak sometimes shining. Hardness, 

 2-5 to 3. Specific gravity, 5'5 to 6'8. Composition : 



Sulphur 20-6 



Copper 77-2 



Iron 1-5 



Before the blow-pipe it give* 08' fumes of sulphur, fuses easily in tlj.' 

 external flame, and boils. After the sulphur is driven off a glol. 

 copper remains. Dissolve* in heated nitric acid, with a precipitation 

 of the sulphur. The vitreous copper ore resembles vitreous silver 

 ore ; but the lustre of a surface of fracture is less brilliant, and they 

 afford din>rnt results before the blow-pipe. The solution nnule by 

 putting a piece of the ore in nitric acid covers an iron-plate or knife- 

 blade with copper, while a similar solution of the silver ore coven a 

 copper-plate with silver. 



This ore occurs with other copper ore* in beds and veins. In Corn- 

 wall splendid crystallisations occur. Siberia, Hesse, Saxony, the 

 Bannat, Chili, and the United States, also afford it 



Copper Pyrita Sulphuret of Copper and Iron. Dimetric. Crys- 

 tals tetrahedral or octahedral, sometimes compound. Cleavage 

 indistinct It occurs also massive and of various shapes. Colour 

 brass-yellow, often tarnished deep yellow, and also iridescent ; 

 streak unmetallic, greenish-black, and but little shining. Hardues*, 

 8-5 to 4. Specific gravity, 4'16 to 4'17. Composition : 



Sulphur 36-3 



Copper 321 



Iron 31-6 



