<:, Rl 



YPH.ENA. 



Th. t .n,|rUe of this division of CampttHa are characteristic. 

 BsMsrassm, with an aromatic odour, U common to all the species. 

 Whether UM bjHscniss depends on an alkaloid or not, chemists have 

 Many of UM species pnssiss properties vrry similar 

 by quinine, and are administered in the same 

 i ; among these are species of the genera Inula, 

 *UM, and Emtlia. This bitter principle seldom how- 

 gives UM Asrantcr to UM plant alone, but is combined with some 

 tic oil. which (in* the plant the properties of both a tonic and 

 stimulant. Such a combination is found in many of the specie* of 

 UM f*B*m Amrikrmu, ArtrmuM, DioHl, Santolina, Ckrytanthmtim, 

 tufiltrmm, Lialu, Ac. Sometimes the volatile oil is more promi- 

 nent than UM bitter principle ; and this is obvious in the species of 

 yrwfcnssi, TmtcHmm, Awaofis, Kriyrron, Ac. In some of these the 

 voUUl oil aseumes the characters of turpentino and the oil of juniper, 

 and acts as a diuretic ; hence a certain number of these plants have 

 UM reputation of stimulating the action of the kidneys. In some the 

 volatile oil assumes an acrid character, as in Bidtni, and acts as a sia- 

 IcfOfne, as in Pyrrtkrum and Spilantke* ; in Manila it is sufficiently 

 active to produce vomiting. In some a secretion is produced, similar 

 to that which gives the character to Ciclioracetr. Thus BvpUhalmum 

 fultft/olimm is said to possess narcotic powers, and the Arniea monlana 

 is stated by Burnett to have yielded a principle identical with Cyti- 

 ain*, the active principle of the laburnum. Some of the species yield 

 a fixed oil. In addition to the acrid oil in Pyrrthrum officinaU, there 

 is a butyraeeous matter, consisting principally of stearine. The seed) 

 of UM species of Utlimtk<u yield a fixed oil on expression, and this is 

 probably not confined to the seed* of this genus. These seeds also 

 contain nutritive matter (protein?), and are the support of birds and 

 sometimes of man, in America. Another group yield colouring- 

 matters : A ntnrmit tinctoria, and the species of Calendula and Bideni, 

 are mad for dyeing yellow ; the Tanacetum rulyare for dyeing green. 

 The root* of many species contain starch, and in quantities large 

 enough to afford food for man, as in the tubers of Hdianthut tuberotui. 

 Many of the species also yield the peculiar kind of starch known by 

 UM name of Inulin, so named after the Inulas in which it was first 

 found. Some of them appropriate potash in the spots where they 

 grow, and a species of Erigeron U remarkable for the large quantities 

 of this alkali which it contains. Gum is a secretion found in consi- 

 derable quantities in some species, as of Gnapkalium, Conyza, and 

 TumUogo, and on this account they have been used in medicine as 

 demulcents. Tannin is not found in any quantity in this tribe of 

 plants, so that they seldom exert an astringent action upon the sys- 

 tem ; UM AckiUea millrfotimm seems however to possess this property. 

 Many of the ornaments of the garden belong to the Corymbiferas. The 

 DaUia, CkrytanOumum, Xeranikenum, A tier, Erigeron, Solidago, Cere- 

 optit, and Tagetet, are amongst the genera that afford the most showy 

 and highly valued flowers in the autumn of the year. Although the 

 propei tie* and use* of these plants in relation to man are important, 

 yet in proportion to the position they occupy in the vegetable king- 

 dom, they are few. Many orders which yield a much smaller number 

 offPfC'es afford much more abundant materials for the USA of man. 



(Lindley, Flora Medico; Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom; Babington, 

 Manual of Britiik Botany .- Burnett, Outline! of Botany.) 



CORYNE. [PoLTnrnA.] 



CORYNETHORUS, a genus of British Grasses, belonging to the 

 Jibe A minor, with the following characters: Awn club-shaped, 

 straight, jointed in the middle, the upper portion clavate, a tuft of 

 hairs at the joint, panicle hut, glumes 2-flowered. There is but one 

 species, C. cmtKiiu, which has a rather dense elongated panicle, the 

 glumes acuminate, longer than the flower, the awn coming from near 

 the base of the pale*, the leaves setaceous. It is a native of the sandy 

 ? *l? orfollt "* 8uflbtk * J ~y- (BsWngton, Manual.) 



CORYPHA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Pal- 

 MM. It has gigantic fan-eheaped leaves, flowers with a S-toothed 

 calyx. 3 petals, 6 stamens, and a 3-celled ovary. The fruit is com- 

 posed of round 1 -seeded berries. 



: Talli^m, the Tara. or Talliera, is an elegant stately species in- 

 nabiting BenfjU. Its trunk is about 80 feet high, and as Wrly a. 

 poseible of equal thickness throughout The leave* are in about 

 JO divisions, each < feet long by 4 inches broad, radiating from the 

 point of a leaf-rtalk from 6 to 10 feet long, and covered with strong 

 nteM at ite edge. Roxburgh describes the spadix as decompound. 

 Mi* in UM month of February fmm the apex of the tree and centre 

 of UM leave* forming an immense diffuse ovate panicle of about 



LTJ! ?^^ '"'I* 1 Th * frult of crab appi,, 



kled, dark-olive, or greenish-yellow. The leaves are used by the 



natives of Indm to write tinnn with tln.ii. *! .t.-i^. . n .i r..- ..*i 



of India to write upon with their steel styles, and for other 



-mhnrulifrrm, UM Tala, or Talipat Palm, 1s a native of Ceylon, 

 and similar in appearance; but ite leaves are not so round as those of 

 tUJM*.thc djrUons in the centre being shorter than those at 

 UMsUea. The trunk grows <0 or 70 feet high; the leaves are 14 feet 

 and IS feet long, exclusive of this stalk, and they form a head 

 bout 40 feet in diameter. Fans of enormous sice are manufactured 

 from this plant in Ceylon ; UM pith of ite trunk furnishes a sort of 

 breexl is made; the leaves make excellent thatch, 

 and are ab nwd for writing on, like those of the Talliera. 



C. Ofoauga is one of the most useful of all the Indian Palms. Its 

 pith furnishes a sort of sago ; its leaves are used for thatch and 

 broad-brimmed hats ; fishing-nets and linen shirts are woven from its 

 fibres, and ropes from its twisted leaf -stalks ; the root is both emollirnt 

 and slightly astringent ; sliced, it is used in slight diarrhosas, and 

 Waits says that it in a most valuable remedy for the periodical 

 diarrhtaas which in the Kant Indira attack Kiiropeana. 



roKYl'H.KNA (Linncus), a genus of Fishes belonging to the 

 section Acanlhojiterygii and family Kcomli 



The group of fishes formerly included under the head Corypktma 

 is now subdivided, and the subdivisions may be either termed sub- 

 genera of the genus Coryplutna, or the group may be looked UJKUI 

 as a sub-family, and the subdivisions as genera. The principal 

 characters of this group are as follows : Body elongated, compressed, 

 covered with small scales ; dorsal fin extending the whole length of 

 the back (or nearly so); branchiostegous rays generally seven in 

 number. These fishes have commonly a long anal fin, in some 

 extending from the tail almost to the ventral. The tail is more or 

 less forked, and the pectoral fin is usually arched above and pointed. 



Considering Corypluena as a genus, the following are the itub-genera : 

 Corypluena (proper), Caranxomortu, Centrolophtu, Attrodermttt, uinl 

 Pteraclit. 



Coryp/urna, The species have the head much elevated, and the 

 palate and jaws both furnished with teeth. 



These fishes are very rapid in their motion*, usually of large size 

 and they prey upon the flying-fish. 



C. hippunu (Linn.), a species not uncommon in the Mediterranean, 

 i.i about -2 feet in length, of a bluish-lead colour above and pale-yellow 

 beneath. There are dark-blue spots on the back and dorsal fin, and 

 the under parts of the body are furnished with spots of a paler 

 colour. The ventral fins are yellowish beneath and black above, and 

 the anal fin is yellowish. The greatest depth of the body is about 

 one-sixth of the whole length. 



Ooryphtena hippurut. 



There are several other species of this genus, some of which are 

 found in the Mediterranean, and very closely resemble the one juat 

 described. 



Caranjromoriu (Lacc'pcde) is closely allied to Coryphrrna (proper) ; 

 the species however may be distinguished by their having the head 

 less elevated and the eye in a medial position ; the dorsal-fin is 

 shallow and of equal height throughout : the tail is much forked. 



C. pelagic*! is about 9 or 10 inches in length, of a bluish colour 

 above and yellowish beneath ; the dorsal and anal fins are of the same 

 colour as the back of the fish, and have a whitish margin. It inhabits 

 the Mediterranean. 



Cenlrolophut. The species of this genue have the body shorter in 

 proportion than in either of the two preceding genera, and of a 

 somewhat elongate-oval form, the tail le forked, &c. [CKNTrto- 

 LOPHDS.1 



.4*tro<fermiu(BonneUi). But one species of this sub-genns is known. 

 The generic characters are : Head elevated, mouth but slightly clrft ; 

 dorsal fin extending nearly the whole length of the body ; ventral fins 

 very small, and placed on the throat ; branchiostegous rays four. 



A. Corypnanoidet (Cuv.) U from 12 to IS inches in length, and of a 

 pale-rose colour, with five or six longitudinal rows of round black 

 spots ; the dorsal and anal fins are blackish, and the pectoral and 

 caudal fins are of a red hue. The most remarkable character of this 

 fish however consists in the scales, which, instead of folding over each 

 other in the usual way, are scattered over the body and head ; they 

 are very minute and serrated, and under a lens resemble small stars. 

 It inhabits the Mediterranean. 



Aitrodermut Coryptiitnoida. 



Pteradu (Cuv.) The species of this group are remarkable for tho 

 immense size of the dorsal and anal fins, each of which springs from 



