l.-l 



-. . i:\ 



COTTON. 



forward* on each side. Ts* male has but five abdominal piece* ; but, 

 a* M. LetreUU oUrrve*. U>e veAiges of th* separation of the two 

 irthisri may be dearly remarked upon th* intermediate or third piece, 

 whiohi*tn* large* of all. 



It u found OB UM COM** of England and France. The specimens 

 6gr*d by Pennant were dredged up from deep water near Holy head 

 and Red Wharf. A nftMMT. 



Jt Deamarest U of opinion that tb* natural rrlations of his crustacean 

 it to AttUndmt, 71 w, and Ltmcotia, of which M. LatreUle 

 hi* Orbicular Tribe (Le* Orbiculaires). Dr. Leach, be adds, in 

 hw method, placed them near the first two of the above-mentioned 

 genera, eobfy because they have the *ame number of abdominal 

 artieuktiuoa. T\t Lncotia, in which the number of thoee articulations 

 i* bs* cotMiderabl*, are removed to a distance. 



COeCINOTORA, a genus of Fosul Coral* proposed by Ooldfuss. 

 C ipjWaVliiKfsnnii occur* in the Chalk of Ireland. 



COTSJONl'S (CUirrille), a genus of Coleopterous Insect* belonging 

 to UM family tWWiom'rfir. It ha* the following characters: 

 1MB short, rather thick ; funiculua 7 -jointed, the basal joint* 



than the following ; club Urge and of an oval form ; rostrum 



long, thickened at the apex ; thorax truncated before and 

 behind, and somewhat depressed above ; elytra elongate, moderately 

 convex above, and covering the abdomen ; tibia dilated towards the 

 apex, where there ia a Urge hook ; tarsi rather slender, the penul- 

 tiWto joint bilobed. 



About seventeen species of this genus are known, of which 

 L'. littrarit a* the type. This species is not 



i in England, and has been found in Boleti and in old trees. 

 It is about a quarter of an inch in length, and of a narrow elongated 

 form, and black or brown colour ; the elytra are punctate-striated. 

 C tardmt is another British specie* which closely resembles the last, 

 but is of a larger sis*, being nearly half an inch in length. 



COSSUS (Kabricius), a genus of Insects belonging to the section 

 Lrftiofttn Mctanw, Moths, and the family HepMidce (Stephens). 

 The species hare the following characters : Antenna; long, rather 

 leader, furnished on the inner edge with a series of transverse 

 Isi si ml ridge* (which when viewed from the aide resemble the 

 taeth of a saw) ; two distinct palpi, thickly clothed with scales, and 

 each 3-jointed ; head very small ; upper wings longer and larger than 

 the lower; body large. Larva lignivorous. Pupa inclosed in a 



f. liymipfrja (Fab.), the Goat-Moth, is one of the largest of the 

 British moths, measuring from tip to tip of the wings when expanded 

 from S to S j inches. It U of a gray colour ; the upper wings are 

 mottled with white, and adorned with numerous irregular black 

 line* ; the under wing* are almost of a uniform brownish-ash colour ; 

 the anterior part of the thorax U of a buff colour, and there is a 

 transverse dark mark towards the posterior part ; the body is of a 

 dark brownish-gray colour, with rings of a silver-like hue. 



The larva, or caterpillar, U about three inches in length when full- 

 grown, and of a yellowish colour ; the upper part of the body is pink, 

 UM bead i* blmck, and the finrt segment of the body (or that joining 

 tb* bead) ha* two irregular black patches above. 



This caterpillar emit* a very strong and disagreeable odour, and if 

 touched with the hands the scent cannot be discharged from them for 

 some considerable time, although they may be frequently washed. 

 It raeide* in and feed* upon the wood of the poplar, oak, and aspen ; 

 but old pollard willows appear to be it* most favourite haunts. 

 These we frequently see perforated with numerous oval holes large 

 enough to admit the finger, and when the caterpillars are abundant the 

 trees attacked eventually fall a sacrifice to their ravages. It U three years 

 before attaining maturity, at which time it incloses itself in a tough 

 cocoon, formed of piece* of wood joined together by a glutinous web. 



Tb* moth i* common in various part* of the south of England, and 

 UM name Goat-Moth has probably been applied to it from the 

 property of emitting a disagreeable odour having been transferred 

 from the caterpillar to the moth. 



A detailed history of the C. ligxiperda will be found in the 

 Memoir** pour earvir a I'Histoire d-s Insect**,' by De Geer; and 

 for it* anatomy w* refer our readers to the 'Reoherches stir 1'Ana- 

 tomie et U* M4temorpno*e* de different Espece* d'lnsectcs,' 

 by L. L. Lyonet This latter author ha* also published a sub- 

 stantial quarto work, with numerous beautiful plate* engraved and 

 drawn by himealf, which i* entirely devoted to the anatomy of the 

 caterpillar above mentioned. This work, which was th* labour of 

 year*, must ever tend a* a monument of the gnat skill and perse- 

 verance of it* author, who boaU of having destroyed but .... 

 caterpillar for iu completion. It ia entitled ^raite" AnaU 

 U Chenille oui rang* I* Bob de Saule,' Ac. 



(XX88TPHD8 (Olivier), a 

 tion Htttnwurm and 



! Anatomique de 



livier), a genus of Coleopterous Insect* of the MO- 

 I *uo-Mction Tcuneonut. Tb* principal character 

 of this genus nnnsiet* ia the dilated and flattened aides to the thorax 

 and elytra a *tructnr* also found in many of the NiltikJa and in 

 UM <unda. The** ineecU, if it were not for the dilated portion* of 

 UM thorax and elytra, would be of a long narrow form, but with 

 the** part* they present an oval outline. The thorax i* nearly semi- 

 circular, and it* dilated margin* a* well as those of th* elytra are 

 The antennjo are 1 1 -jointed ; the last four joint* 



are considerably thicker than the preceding, and rather flattened ; the 

 terminal joint of the maxillary palpus i* dilated, and of a somewhat 

 triangular form ; the head U completely hidden by the anterior part 

 of the thorax. 



Those insects inhabit the south of Europe and the northern part* 

 of Africa and India. About ten species are known. 



C. Jloffmaiueyii is nearly half au inch in length, and of a dark brown 

 colour ; the part* of the thorax and elytra which extend beyond 

 the insect itself are of a paler hue. It is difficult to give an accurate 

 idea of this curious insect, which appears as if it were an ordinary 

 shaped beetle pressed against the under side of a little oval scnle of 

 wax, so that its impression is distinctly visible above, being convex, 

 whereas the scale itself is concave. 



The present genus, with two others (Jldirut and MUM, form, 

 according to Latreille, the second tribe of the family Taficorna, and 

 are included under the head Cutypkcna. 



COTINOA. [CORACISA.] 



COTOXEASTEU, a genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 Rotacea, and to the tribe Pomta. The segment* of the calyx 5 ; the 

 petals 5 ; the styles 2-5 ; the fruit turbinate, its nut* adhering to the 

 sides of the calyx, but not cohering at the centre; the stamens 

 erect, as long as the teeth of the calyx. The species are shrubs, 

 with simple entire leaves, woolly beneath. This genus was separated 

 from Afetpilui by Liudley. 



C. rulyaru, the Common Cotoneaster. It has roundish ovate leaves, 

 rounded at the base, flower-stalks and margins of the calyx downy ; the 

 petals are rose-coloured. It is a native of Europe, and U found in N . >rt h 

 Wales upon the cliffs at the Great Ormeshead. Previous to it* having 

 been discovered to be a British plant it had been cultivated in this coun- 

 try. Several varieties are met with both in a wild state and in gardens. 



C. tomentota has its peduncles and calyxes woolly. It is a shrub 

 like the preceding, and is found wild on the rocks of the Jura and 

 other parts of the Alps of Switzerland. 



C. laxiflora. has its flowers in panicled cymes, and its calyxes 

 quite smooth. It has the same general appearance as C. vulyarii, 

 and is probably a variety. 



C. friyida is an East Indian species. It is a native of the higher 

 mountains in the northern region of Nepaul. 



C. affinit was brought from Chittong, a town of Lower Nepaul, and 

 is similar in general appearance to the last species. C. acumn "'' 

 and C. nummttlaria are likewise species from Nepaul. 



C. rottaidifolia and C. microphylla are probably varieties of the 

 same species. They are both from the north of Hindustan. 



All the specie* are adapted for shrubberies, and many of them 

 are very commonly cultivated in Europe. They are easily propagated 

 by laying down the branches, or by cuttings, which should be placed 

 in a sheltered situation under a hand-glass. They may be also 

 increased by dividing their root*, and by seeds. 



(Liudley, Linncan Trantactioni ; Loudon, Arboretum et Pruticctum 

 Sritannicum.) 



COTTON, a word derived from Kutn, or Kutun, one of the name* 

 given by the Arabs to this substance, is a filamentous matter pro- 

 duced by the surface of the seeds of various species of (ruuyjrium. 

 [GosSTPlUM.] It consist* of vegetable hairs, of considerable length, 

 springing from the surface of the seed-coat, and filling up the cavity 

 of the seed-vessel in which the seeds lie. Hairs are extremely 

 common on the surface of plants ; frequently however they ore 

 unobserved, in consequence of their small number and minuteness ; 

 while on the other hand in some cases they give plants, such as the 

 Mullein for instance, a remarkable hoary appearance. On the surface 

 of seeds they are uncommon ; and yet in the Malracea; and their al lies, 

 to which the cotton plants belong, they not only exist abundantly on 

 the seeds of that genus, but in several other specie*. Vegetable hairs 

 are one of the many forms in which the cellular substance of vege- 

 tation is developed, and they consequently partake of two of the 

 great characteristics of that form of tissue, namely, thinness and 

 transparency. In the cotton they are long weak tubes, which, w In-n 

 immersed in water and examined under the microscope by transmitted 

 light, look like flat narrow transparent ribands, all entirely distinct 

 from each other, and with a perfectly even surface ami uniform 

 breadth. At certain distance* along the hair, an interruption occurs, 

 which looks a* if it proceeded fromi the turning round or twisting 

 of the hair during it* growth. On each side opposite these inter- 

 ruptions a slight indentation is observed. Sometime* a slight trace 

 of fine grains is discernible in the interior, but more frequently the. 

 hair* seem empty. If strained singly they have little strength and 

 readily break, and it is only when many are entangled together that 

 they acquire any appreciable degree of strength. In all these points 

 cotton differs from the vegetable matter that constitutes linen ; the 

 latter consist* of woody tissue, in the state of long tube*, but is at 



once distinguished by the tubes adhering in bundles, which it is 

 difficult under a microscope to break up into their component parts ; 

 the tubes are thick-sided, and will not acquire a riband-like appear- 

 ance when viewed in water, but rather resemble extremely minute 

 thermometer tubes. When they are jointed together the articulation 

 is oblique, the ends of the tube* being pointed and overlying each 

 other ; and finally, in each particular tube of the woody tissue, 

 delicate as it may be, there is a sufficiently appreciable degree of 



