- 



1TR. 



roWJ'.ANK. 



1711 



i genua, or sub gruu*. i thu* characterised : Head Urge 

 _ a, mor* or l- armed with pine* and tubercle. ; both 

 jaws furaUbcd with t*rth. none on the vutuer ; body attenuated pos- 

 teourty. cuvd with angular plat*. ; Yeutral* small ; branchiostegou* 



nmmg. 



A. funffut (CuTier), UM Anud Bull-Head, Pogge, Lyrie, Sea- 

 PoacW. Plmck, or .Noble Thi. lilt Ir fi.h. generally about 4 or 5 inches 

 in In^th. i. frequently caught in the shrimping neU, and U called by 

 tie ftaiwniMm. In some district*, in addition to iu other name*, the 

 Hook-Xos*. lu general covering U brown above and white beneath : 

 then are however moat commonly indication*, mure or lew distinct, 

 of Mreral broad dark mariu acroas the back ; the noaa is furnished 

 with four recurred fiats* ; the upper jaw extends beyond the lower ; 

 UM hifra-orbitab hare three blunt tuberclei on their lower margin, 

 and a sharp tpine directed backward*; the pre-operculum ia also 

 armed with a apine ; the branchiostegou* membrane and chin 

 ara each furniabed with numerous fleshy filament*; the body ia 

 divided longitudinally by eight acaly ridges, those on the upper part 

 being moat produced. The number of fin-ray* are dorsal 5 to 7 ; 

 pectoral 15 ; rentrml 3 ; anal 7 ; caudal 11. 



The habit* of thi* fish appear in many respects to be the same a* 

 thoae of the C. wofptw, Ac. It ia very frequent on the southern 

 bore* of Great Britain. 



COTl'NMTK, a Mineral. It i* a native Chloride of Lead, occur- 

 ring on Vecuriu* in white acicular crystals. 



COTI'KNIX [TaTiuoKias.] 



YLK'DON ia the leaf of a seed; it i* the part prepared by 

 nature to enable the young plant when it first springs into existence, 

 and before it ha* been able to form organ* of digestion and respiration, 

 to perform both tboee functions. Sometime* the cotyledon performs 

 these function* under ground during the whole period of it* activity ; 

 but in many casts it* subterranean life extends only to a few days or 

 hours, after which it is elevated above the soil, and takes on the 

 ordinary property of the leaves. [QSRMINATIO.V] 



The situation of the cotyledon la on one side of the axis, of which 

 the plumule ia the apex, and the radicle the base. In the largest 

 number of known seed* there are two cotyledons on opposite sides 

 on the same plane ; in a few there are several opposite to each other 

 in a whorl ; in a considerable number there ia only one ; and among 

 the lower plant* there appears to be an absence of any distinct organ 

 of thi* kind. Theae difference* have given rise to the terms Dicoty- 

 ledon*, Pol/cotyledons, Monocotyledons, and Acotyledoua. 



The first two and the last of these forms will be readily understood ; 

 but the structure of a Monocotyledon is far more puzzling to the 

 student, in consequence of the axis not being found on one aide of the 

 cotyledon, a* would have been expected. A common monocotyle- 

 donoua embryo i* a nearly cylindrical body, obtuse at each end, as at 

 fg. 4, and iU axis of growth ia in the interior of the cotyledon, so that 

 it can only be found by cutting the organ open. The following 

 diagram will explain this anomaly. Let the upper line represent four 

 kinds of embryoe* seen from the side, and the lower line the plan upon 

 which those embryoe* are constructed, the inner circle being always 

 the axis of growth, and the crescent or crescent* the cotyledons. 

 fig. 1 is a common dicotyledonous embryo, with it* cotyledons equal ; 

 /y. 2 U a rare kind of embryo of the same kind, with one of the 

 cotyledon* exceedingly imalL If the smaller cotyledon were abso- 

 lutely deficient, it may easily be conceived that such an embryo as 

 that at/y. 8 would be the result, the angles of the crescent being 

 drawn together round the axis, just a* the edge* of leave* are drawn 

 together when they roll ii|> in the leaf-bud. If we now suppose that 

 UM angle* are not only drawn together, but actually united as at Jig. 4, 

 the pnmwoe of the axis within the cotyledon will no longer appear 

 iiM-xpliombk. 



COTYLEDON, genus of Plant* belonging to the natural order 

 CrntnUet*. U ha* 6 sepals shorter than the tube of UM corolla ; 

 UM petals cohering in a tubular o-cleft corolla; the stamen* 10, 

 inserted on the corolla ; 6 by pogynous scales ; 4 carpels. The specie* 

 are succulent shrubs, mostly native* of the Cape of Good Hope. 



C. W.c~, Navel-Wort, ha* UM lower leave, peltate, concave, 

 orbicular ; UM bract* entire ; flowers pendulous. The flower* are of 

 a greenish-yellow colour, and the item i* from to 12 inches high. It 

 i* found very commonly on rock* or wall* in UM west of England. 



It U also a native of Portugal Although this plant belongs to an 

 order with comparatively inert properties, it has obtained a reputa- 

 tion iu the treatment of nervous diseases, especially epilepsy. 



C. Infect has the lower leaves somewhat peltate, upper leaves crenate 

 or toothed, the bract* toothed, flowers erect. The flowers are of a 

 bright yellow. It ha* been found wild in Kngland, but is probably 

 not a native. 



Many of the species of this genus have been separated under the 

 genus I'mliiliciu, the type of which is the first species named which 

 U called V. erecttu. The specie* of UmbUictu closely resemble those 

 of Cotylnlo*. In the cultivation of the specie* of both genera, they 

 should be placed in pots well drained, with a soil of sandy loam or 

 brick rubbish. They may be propagated by cuttings, which >' 

 be laid to dry for a few days after they have been cut off, before they 

 are planted, as they are apt to rot at the wound if otherwise treated. 

 The bent situation for these plant.* i* the shelve* of n greenhouse. 



(Don, DicUamydeotu Plant* ; Babiugtou, ilantutl uf Mrilitk 

 Botany.) 



COUA. [CCCULID.B.1 



COUAGGA. [SQUID*.] 



COUCH-0 U A ss. i TniTicUM.1 



COUMAROUNA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Ltyuminotce. It has 8 stamens, and the lower segment of the c:ilvx 

 undivided. This genus is also referred to IHpterix. 



C. odorata is the plant which yields the sweet-scented Tonga Bean 

 of the perfumers. It is a native of French Guyana, where it forms a 

 large forest-tree, called by the'uatives Coumaruu. The trunk is said to 

 be 60 or 80 feet high, with a diameter of 3J feet, and to bear a large 

 head of tortuous stout limbs and branches. The leaves are pinnated, 

 of two or three pairs of leaflets, without an odd one at the extremity. 

 The flowers appear in axillary branches, and consist of a calyx with 

 two spreading sepals, and five purple petals washed with violet, of 

 which the three upper are the largest and most veiny. The stamens 

 are eight, and monadelphous. The fruit is an oblong hard dry fibruiis 

 drupe, containing a single seed ; the odour of it* kernel is extremely 

 agreeable. The natives string the needs into necklaces ; and the 

 Creoles place them among their linen, both for the sake of their scent 

 and to keep away insects. 



8we*U8oented Ton(t (Ooumarmma odorata]. 



1, a ripe drop* j J, the ume cut open ; S, a complete flower ; 4, the calrx 

 with s Tount drupt projecting from It. 



COURSER. [Ci-BaoRiua.] 



COUZKRAXITK, n Mineral from the Pyrenees. It has a compo- 

 sition near to that of Lal/radoritc. [LABUADOHITX 1 

 COW. rBoviD*.] 

 COWBANE, one of the common namos for tlio Water-Hemlock. 



[ClCVIA,] 



