1.39 



CRANIA. 



CRAT^EGUS. 



C.fcaciatus, the Banded Shrimp, is found in the Mediterranean. 

 It has also been taken in England at Salcombe Bay. 



C. ipinonu, the Spiny Shrimp. It is the Pontophilu spinosux of 

 Leach; Egeon loricatus of Guerin. This shrimp has been taken in 

 several places on the south coast of England. 



C. iculptus is a British species, described by Professor Bell in his 

 'History of the British Stalk-Eyed Crustacea." It was taken at 

 Weymouth by Mr. Bowerbank. 



C. tritpinosiu and C. bupinosiu are also British species, and have 

 been taken on the coast of Hastings. 



CRANIA. [BRACHIOPODA.] 



CRASSAMENTUM. [BLOOD.] 



CRASSATELLA. [CONCHACEA.] 



CRASSINA. [VENERID.E.] 



CRASSULA, a genus of Plants, the type of the natural order 

 Crassulacea. It has a 5-parted calyx, much shorter than the corolla ; 

 sepals flattish ; the petals 5, stellate, spreading, distinct ; the stamens 

 5, filaments awl-shaped; scales 5, ovate, short; carpels 5, many- 

 seeded. The species are very numerous. They are succulent herbs 

 or shrubs, and are mostly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Their 

 leaves are opposite and entire, or nearly so. The flowers are mostly 

 white, rarely rose-coloured. Upwards of fifty species have been 

 described ; and many of them, on account of their grotesque appear- 

 ance, are cultivated in our gardens. They are greenhouse plants. 

 One species, C. tetragona, is used at the Cape of Good Hope as a 

 remedy in dysentery. Any medicinal properties they possess is 

 probably owing to the presence of tannin. 



CRASSULA'CE^E, Houte-Leela, a natural order of Polypetalous 

 Exogenous Plants. It consists of succulent plants, with herbaceous 

 or shrubby, and annual or perennial roots, growing in hot dry exposed 

 places in the more temperate parts of the Old World chiefly. On the 

 sun-scorched cliffs and volcanic soil of the Canaries, and on the dry 

 sterile plains of the Cape of Good Hope, they are most abundant. 

 Their flowers are arranged in panicles, spikes, cymes, and corymbs ; 

 each has a calyx of several divisions, alternating with which is the 

 like number of petals, alternating with which is the like number of 

 stamens, or twice as many, alternating with which are as many 



A, a portion of a branch of Sempervivvm villasum ; 1, a calyx of S. montanum ; 

 1, a part of the petals and stamens laid open, and adhering by the tube of the 

 eljrx ; S, a calyx with the ovaries projecting the hypogvnous scales are seen 

 at the base of some of these ; 4, a ripe follicle ; 5, a section of a seed showing 

 the embryo in the albumen. 



distinct carpels as there are segments of the calyx. The stamens 



arise from the tube of the calyx ; there is usually a hypogynoux 



gland at the base of each carpel j the carpels are often of the same 



r as the petals ; and sometimes, in monstrous cases, the anther* 



bear ovules as well as the ovaries. The fruit consists of a number of 

 distinct follicles, each containing numerous minute seeds ; the embryo 

 lies in the axis of fleshy albumen. The affinities of this order, 

 according to Dr. Lindley, are with Samagesiacea, Caryophyllacea;, 



xifragacefz, and Turneracece. 



Many species of Cratsula, RocJiea, Sempemvum, Sedum, Ac., are 

 cultivated for the beauty of their flowers ; the various annual Tillseas, 

 &c., are obscure weeds ; house-leeks (different sorts of Sempervivum) 

 are grown for their refrigerant qualities ; and the leaves of Semper- 

 um arboreum possess powerful tanning qualities. This order 

 contains 22 genera and 450 species. [SEDUM ; SEMPERVIVUM ; COTY- 

 LEDON ; ECHEVEKIA ; TILL.EA ; ROCHEA ; RHODIOLA ; UMBILICUS ; 

 BBYOPHYLLUM.] 



All the hardy species may be grown on old walls, roofs, rock-work, 

 or other places thoroughly drained of moisture ; the greenhouse kiuds_ 

 require what is called a dry-stove treatment that is, they must be' 

 potted in a mixture of lime, rubbish, broken pots, and earth ; in 

 summer they are freely exposed to the weather in sunny situations 

 without protection, and in winter they are kept moderately cool, and 

 nearly without water. 



CRAT-iE'GUS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Roiaccce and the sub-order Pomeee. This genus is very nearly allied 

 to the Apple (Pyrus), from which it differs in the fruit containing a 

 variable number of stones, as the Medlar does ; from the Medlar it is 

 known by its fruit being closed, not spread open, at the apex. 



The species inhabit woods and hedges throughout the northern 

 hemisphere, from Barbary and Palestine to about 60 N. lat. in the 

 east, and from Mexico to a similar latitude in the west. South of 

 these limits they do not occur in a wild state. The flowers appear in 

 the greatest profusion, usually in terminal cymes, in the early mouths 

 of the year, and are succeeded by small round fruits, coloured yellow, 

 red, purple, or black. Most of them are merely haws, and fit only 

 for the food of birds ; a few are larger and more fleshy, but none of 

 them have been found worth cultivating for the fruit, except the 

 Azarole (Cratitgus Azaroliu), which is eaten in Italy, and the Aronia, 

 which is sold in the markets of Montpellier under the name of Pom- 

 mettes a, Deux Closes. 



Between sixty and seventy well-marked species and varieties are 

 known in the gardens of this country. Into extensive collections they 

 are all worth introduction, except C. parvifolia and those immediately 

 allied to it ; and for the ornament of park-scenery there is probably 

 no genus of flowering trees at all to be compared with Cratcegua for 

 variety, fragrance, and beauty. Our limits prevent our noticing all 

 these at length ; we therefore confine ourselves to a brief indication 

 of those which are most valuable for ornamental purposes. 



C. oxyacantha, the Hawthorn, White Thorn, or May. The leaves 

 are obovate, 3-4-lobed, cut and serrate, cuneate at the base; the 

 flowers corymbose ; calyx not glandular ; styles 1-3. The branches 

 are spinose. This plant is one of the most common in the British 

 Flora, being used throughout the kingdom for forming quickset 

 hedges. Babington mentions two varieties, expressing an opinion that 

 they are not improbably distinct species C. oxyacantha (Linnseus and 

 Jacquin), with the peduncles and calyx glabrous, and C. monogyna 

 (Jacquin), with the peduncles and calyx villose. The latter is the 

 more common form. 



The Hawthorn not only grows in the form of a shrub or bush in our 

 hedges, but is not unfrequently seen in the form of a tree. It is of 

 slow growth, and many individuals have attained celebrity for their 

 antiquity. There are several in Bushy Park said to be above two 

 centuries old. The wood of the Hawthorn is hard, takes a fine 

 polish, and is used by cabinet-makers. 



Under the name of Hawthorns may be comprehended all the nume- 

 rous sorts which are either varieties of Cratcegus oryacantka or nearly 

 related to it. They have all deeply-lobed rather shining leaves, so 

 little hairy that their bright green colour is not deadened, small fra- 

 grant flowers, and small shining haws. They are distinguished for 

 the graceful manner in which they generally grow in rich soil and 

 unharmed by the pruning-knife. Thirty feet is not an unusual height 

 for very fine specimens, and when of that size their appearance is 

 exceedingly graceful and picturesque. C. oxyacantha itself produces 

 varieties with double flowers, bright crimson flowers, yellow fruit, 

 black fruit, and fruit downy when young ; the latter is called C. oxy- 

 acantha eriocarpa, and is one of the most beautiful of the genus. 



Very nearly allied to these are the Oriental Thorns, spec es which 

 have their deeply-cut leaves covered so closely with hairs as to have a 

 dull gray or hoary aspect, large fragrant flowers, and large succulent 

 rather angular fruit. These are less graceful in their manner of 

 growth than the true Hawthorns, some of them, especially C. tanaceti- 

 folia and C. odoratittima, having a round formal head ; but their 

 flowers are even more fragrant than the May-bush, and their fruit ren- 

 ders them striking objects in the autumn. The Azarole is one of 

 them ; but it does not fruit or flower readily, and is the least worth 

 having of the group. We should recommend C. odoratissima, with 

 its red fruit, C. tanacelifolia with its yellow fruit, C. orientals with 

 purple fruit, and C. Aronia with its light orange-coloured fruit. 



The American Thorns are species with leaves but little lobod, 

 usually broad, shining, and toothed unequally, often having exceed- 

 ingly long spines, and having fruit generally of an intermediate size 



