riiKlTsrri.AUlA. 



ni 



They are not quite *o handsome a* the species of the two former 

 crop. ; twt the following, neverthelea*. have eufflcientiy ornamental 

 filurir. namely C Crm^alli, or the Coctupur Thorn, with very 

 k>* *troB ipto* and chining deep green leave*; of thi* we hare a 

 bleed leaved variety called C. fplenJau, and a narrow-leaved varietv 

 called C talieiftlim ; C. frmufoli^ C. oraltfolia, and C. Ihuglant, with 



. . ^ . , 



dark baadM leavee; C pwrfota, with Urge yellow or red h.w* ; 

 C eertUrt, with brilliant Mark* fruit ; and C. microeanM, with very 

 mall beautiful vrmilion fruit and graceful pendulous ihoota. 

 Tew Small-UaTvd Thorn* are all North American : they form small 

 bu>b*. and ar not worth cultivation, 

 r, tae Evergreen Thorn. oooaUt of C. ifancaM and C. pjrr- 

 The former i. a mall tree with lanoMhaped bright green 

 tmvw. and large round yellow fruit; it U probably too tender for 

 .bardy cultivation north of London. The latter, an inhabitant of rocks 

 aod wild places in the couth of Europe and the Caucasus, ha* been 

 f cultivated in thi. country for the lake of its flame-coloured berriei 



AH theee plant* may be budded or grafted upon the Common Haw- 

 thorn, eo that pereon* wboee mean* do not allow them to purchase 

 the plant* may nevertheless ornament their gardens with them by 

 providing hawthorn stock*, upon which they may work them thein- 

 elvee ; or a very email garden might exhibit a good many sorts, if 

 each of the group* here pointed out were intermixed upon the same 

 plant. This might be easily effected by a-akilful budder. U would 

 not however do to intermix the different groups upon the same plant, 

 because the specie* would not harmonise, and consequently a bad 

 appearance would be the result. 



(London, XrooretMN el Pruticelum Britannic*!* ; Botanical Reyiiter, 

 vola xxi. and xxii.) 



CRAT.VA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Cap- 

 fmrUmtem. It ha* 4 sepal*; 4 unguiculate petals larger than the 

 calyx, and not doung over the ctamen* during (estivation ; 8-28 sta- 

 men* ; the tom* elongated or hemispherical ; the berry stalked, between 

 ovate and globose, pulpy within ; a thin pericarp. The species are 

 unarmed ahrub* or tree* with trifoliate leaves and terminal cymes or 

 ticietn** of huge flower*. 



C. Byneiirfm, Garlic Pear, ha* 20-24 stamens inserted on the cylin- 

 drical receptacle, longer than the petal* ; the berry ovate ; the leaflets 

 orate, acute ; the petal* lanceolate. It is a native of bushy places 

 end thicket* near the sea-aide in Jamaica. The whole plant has a 

 naueeou* smell and a burning taste. The bark of the root is said to 

 blister like can tharides. 



C. Tafia, the Tapia, or Common Garlic- Pear, has 8-16 stamens, 

 derlmete, about three time* as long aa the petals ; the stipe of the 

 ovary a* long a* the stamen* ; the stigma sessile, capitate ; the fruit 

 globose. This plant is a tree about 20 feet high. It* fruit is the size 

 of a email orange. It i* brought both from the West India Island* 

 and from South America. The fruit ha* the smell of garlic, and com- 

 innlialia it* odour to animal* that feed on it The bark is bitter 

 and tonic, and ha* been employed in the cure of intermittent fever*. 



C. Jfonaetw, the Bilva, or Mahura, is a small tree bearing a large 

 spheroidal berry with a hard ahell, and 10-15 colls which contain, 

 beside, the seed*, a large quantity of a tenacious transparent gluten, 

 which on drying become* very hard, but continues transparent ; when 

 fresh it may be drawn out, before it break*, into thread* of one or 

 two yard* in length, and so fine aa scarcely to be perceptible to the 

 naked eye. Thi* plant is no w however transferred to the family A ttran- 

 Hmna, tinder the generic name Aiylt. It is the Fcronia pellucida of 

 ome author*. It is found in all part* of the East Indies. The fruit 

 i* nutrition* and aperient, and very delicious to the taste. It in 

 recommended by European physicians in the Eaat a* a valuable 

 remedy in habitual coiti veneas, and it is said never to fail in producing 

 ft* aperient fleet*. The root, bark, and leave* are also used in fevers 

 by the Malabar physician*. 



(LmdUy, Flora Mtdiea; Don, DiMamydeotu Plantt.) 



CRAW-FISH. [AaTAcm.] 



CRAX. [CRACIDJL] 



CRAY KISH [A*TACC*.] 



CREAM-FRUIT, a kind of eatable Fruit found at Sierra Leone, and 



' i ...!, .,.. .\. 



u* Plant 



produced by come Apocynaceou 

 < ' It K KPRR& [f KRTII i A ox. 1 

 CRKNATI'I.A [MAI.UUCKA.] 



MTTII.IOA] 



CRENILA'BRUS (Cuvier), a genus of Fishes b-Ionging to the 

 section AttmUtflajgU and family Labridn. The species of this genu* 

 hav. all the general character, of the true Lahri, or Wrasses, but are 

 disUju.bedbv their having the margin of the pro-operculum denti- 

 cnkted : UM cfaeek* and operculnm are scaly. 



!** "!)< * othew, the Gilt- 



, w " tar ' wbet * **" bottom 



i* rock v ; He food i* chiefly Ontlmetm. 



C. JNNMjfM (fnv. rt VaU, C. OonMnt (Rweo), the Goldflnny or 



OoliLiinny, and Cprkwing, somewhat resembles the last, but may 

 always be distinguished by a black spot on each side near the base of 

 the tail, and situated on the lateral line ; its general colour is yellowish 

 green, darkest on the back ; the sides are usually adorned with longi- 

 tudinal lines of a deeper hue. Length about three or four inches. 



C. yibbm, the Gibbous Wrasse, may be readily distinguished from 

 either of the known British species of this genus by its comparatively 

 shorter and more elevated form. The depth of the body is consi- 

 derably more than one-third of the length : the colours are chiefly 

 orange and blue; the gill-covers and sides of the body are spotted, 

 and the back is striped. The ventral fin* are green, the pectorals are 

 yellow, with transverse red stripes at their base. 



Pennant obtained a specimen of this fish off the coast of Anglesey ; 

 and this is we believe the only instance on record of its capture off the 

 British coasts. 



C. luieta (Couch), AeanthM,nu Couchii (Cuv. et VaU, the Scale- 

 Rayed Wrasse, has been caught by Mr. Couch off the coast of Cornwall : 

 the specimen was 22 inches in length. The tail is round, and consists of 

 15 rays ; "between each ray of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, is a 

 process formed of firm, elongated, imbricated scales. Colour, a 

 uniform light brown, lighter on the belly ; upper eye-lid black ; at the 

 upper edge of the base of the caudal fin U a dark brown spot. Pectorals 

 yellow : all the other fins bordered with yellow." 



C. mullidrnlatiu (Thompson), Turdtu minor (Ray), Labrta putilttu 

 (Jenyns), the Corkling, Ball's Wrasse. This fish waa originally 

 taken on the British coast by Professor Heuslow at Weymouth. It 

 haa since been taken in Cornwall and Ireland. It is about four inches 

 in length. Hr. Jenyns says, " It is quite distinct from any of those 

 described by other authors. Though belonging to the present aection 

 (Labnu) which it U convenient to retain, it would seem to form the 

 transition to the Crenilabri, to which its near affinity is indicated by 

 the rudimentary denticulations on the margin of the pre-opercle." 



C. rupestrit, Jago's Goldsinny (Selby). It has been referred by 

 various writers to the genera Sd<rna, Labnu Percn, and Lutjanu*. 

 Several specimens of this fish have been taken in Great Britain. It 

 is found occasionally in the Baltic, in Sweden, Denmark, and 

 Norway. It* prevailing colour is orange, the free edge of each scale 

 being of a light golden-yellow colour; the colour ia darkest over the 

 three or four lines of scales along the highest part of the back, and 

 lightest on the lower part of the aides and belly ; the body is indis- 

 tinctly marked with five transverse bands. In northern localities it 

 is tinged with green. 



C. microttoma, the Small-Mouthed Wrasse, or Rock-Cook (Thomp- 

 son). It is the Acantholabna exoletiu (Cuv. and Val.), the Labrut 

 cjcolettu of other authors. This fish is occasionally caught in ('!>> 

 wall, and has been taken at Antrim in Ireland. It is immediately 

 known amongst its congeners by its very small mouth. It is found 

 on the coasts of Sweden, Denmark and Norway. [LAIIRIII.K.] 



CREPIDO'PTERIS. a genus of Fossil Ferns, which Presl sK-ti- 

 tutes for Pecopterit of Brongniart, in the case of two species, one from 

 Stuttgardt, the other from Newcastle. 



CUKI'IDULA. [CALYITR;EII>.*:.] 



CREPIS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Com- 

 potita, the division Cichoramr, and section Lactntar. It haa many- 

 flowered heada ; a double involucre, the inner of one row, the outer 

 of short lax scale* ; the fruit terete, narrowed upwards or obscurely 

 beaked. Moat of the species of this genu* are common weeds in the 

 hedges of Europe. Five of the species are found in Great Britain. 

 The most common is the C. virera, which has the outer involucral 

 scale* adpressed, linear, the inner ones glabrous within : the leaves 

 lanceolate, remotely dentate, runcinate, or pinnatind, the uppermost 

 leaves linear, arrow-shaped, clasping with flat margins ; the stem MI!>- 

 corymbose; the fruit shorter than the pappus, oblong, slightly 

 attenuated upward*, with amooth ribs. This is the C. Irctnram of 

 Smith ; but the tme (re/arum has revolute margins to its upper leaves, 

 and other points of difference, and haa never been found inGreatliritnin. 



The other British species are C. pulchra, a rare plant found in 

 Scotland ; C. biennit, also rare, found in chalky places in England ; 

 C. tuccit<rfolia, common in wooda in the north of England ; C. pain- 

 data, not uncommon in damp wooda and shady places. C. laccra is 

 considered to be a venomous plant in Naples, where it grows. 



(Babington, Manual of Brititk .Botany.) 



CREPUSCULATUA(Latreille),a section of Lepidopterous Insects 

 corresponding with the genus Sphinx of Linnicus. These insects 

 occupy an intermediate station between the Lepidoplera Diurna, or 

 Butterflies, and the Ltpidoptera ffoctvrna, commonly called Molli-. 

 They have the following characters : Antenna; growing gradually 

 thicker towards the apex, at which part they are furnished with an 

 elongated club, either fusiform or pri*in:it.i<-. Inferior wings furnishrd 

 with a rigid bristle-like process at their base, which pomes into a hook 

 on the under surf" ;> -nor wing*, and serves to retain tlu'in. 



The larva; are furnished with 10 legs, and many of them have a long 

 horny process on the last segment of the body. The chrysalides are 

 smooth, or sometime* furnished with small spines (but destitute of tin- 

 point* and angles usually observed in those of butterflies). They nro 

 eithiT inclosed in a cocoon or buried in the earth. Thelarvtc som< ' 

 feed upon wood, in which case they assume the pupa state within the 

 tree or branch. 



