HAT. 



CYl'ADACEJE. 



IN 





r to me really efficacious are Immediately to mow 

 all UM portion* 'of artificial meadow where dodder kas been sern to 

 develop iteetf. and to do it before it can have produced seed. If it 

 appear in Seed* of t-i. UM plante n"vk*H must be cut down, or 

 rooted up; and if it appear among vines, the branches must be cut 

 before the seed is matured. If these precautions have been neglected, 

 and a portion of the land ahould be infested with these seeds, the 

 crop which ha* been attacked mart be replaced by crops of corn or of 

 sjisise Thus time is given to the eeeds of dodder which have been 

 eoaeealH in UM eoO, to develop themselves, when they may peris* 

 without doing any harm, since the soil And* itself covered with planU 

 which cannot nourish them. A* to the seeds of leguminous plante 

 which may b* infested by a mixture with thoee of the dodder, the 

 be*t miens to -get rid of them is to sift them in a tolerably fine sieve, 

 so that UM eeeds of UM dodder, which are very small, may pass 

 through, leaving those of the trefoil or of the lucerne. In tins 

 operation the seed must be shaken rather violently, so as to break the 

 capsule* of the dodder, and to force their aeeds out" 



i t,*l,*m, Flax-Dodder, has clusters of bracteatod sessile flowers, 

 the tube of the corolla ventricoee; Male* adpreseed, fimbriated, distant 

 below, with roundad spaces ; the calyx with fleshy segments, deltoid 

 below, nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. This species i* 

 parasitical on flax, and very injurious to the crop. 



C. BfMkymmm, Leaser Dodder, has clusters of bracteated sessile 

 flowers; tube of the corolla cylindrical; the scales converging, as long 

 as the tube of the corolla, fimbriated, and rounded at the end, approxi- 

 mate below, with narrow acute spaces ; the calyx bell-shaped, shorter 

 than the tube of the corolla. It is parasitical on small shrubby plants. 



(,'. Trijolii, Clover-Dodder, has the scales converging, half as long as 

 the tube of the corolla, fimbriated and rounded at the end, distant 

 below, with rounded spaces; the calyx narrowed below about as long 

 a* the tube of the corolla. It is parasitical on clover. 



(Babingten, iftumal of BritU/t Bvtany. ) 



CUSHAT. [- 



fSPARIA. 



-PAKD-APPLK. 



CUTICLE. [EnDKBukl 

 1T1.K FISH. [SEMADJt] 

 \XITK. [KlAMTE.] 



i VA'THEA, a genus of PlanU belonging to the natural order of 

 Fern*. The son are globose, situated upcn a vein or veinlet, or in 

 the axil of a fork of the vein ; the receptacle elevated, globose, or 

 columnar; the involucre globose, inferior, membranaceous, or some- 

 what horny, at first entire and covering the whole sorus, afterwards 

 bursting from the top with a nearly circular opening, becoming cup- 

 shaped, more or leas entire, or laciniatrd, or lobed ; the veins pinnate, 

 simple, or forked, free. (Hooker.) The species are arborescent, and 

 the trunks are often beautifully marked with the scars of the fallen 

 frond*. The frond* are simple or pinnate, or decompoundly pinnate. 

 The stipe is frequently aculeated. The specie* of this extensive 

 genii* of Kern* are found most highly developed in tropical climates. 

 They give a peculiar feature to the vegetation of many districts of 

 Mouth America, and specimens have been brought from the forests of 

 linuil. the mountain* of Mexico and Peru, from the islands of the 

 Kaitrrn, Western, and Southern Oceans, and from the south of Africa 

 and the ulterior of India and China. Sir William Hooker, in the 

 ttpecie* Filicum,' enumerate* about forty different BjiccieA They 

 are difficult to determine when brought to this country. " They 

 have," lays Sir William Hooker, "arborescent trunks whose appear- 

 ance, and even external form, are only known to travellers who have 

 the privilege of eraing them in their native soils. The fronds, gigantic 

 in mart cases, and large in all, seldom reach us in an entire state. We 

 are but little acquainted with the stipes, whether it be unarmed or 

 euleated, or with any other character which may afford marks of 

 distinction. The shape or outline of the entire frond we have rarely 

 the means of ascertaining : nor do we Jmow what is the exact nature 

 of Ha composition, nor the value to be put upon the more or less 

 downy or acmly covering of the pinna, or the greater or less breadth 



*epJnn*^or pinnule*, or segments, or the more or less deeply 

 rrsted margins. Hence, too, their synonymy becomes inextricable; 

 rttbout th opportunity of examining authentic specimens of 

 uthor*, their sped** in many instance* must be looked upon as 

 The difficulty is increased by the older author* not con- 

 riertng^tbe aator* of the fructification nor the venation, so that in 

 ' _* * n d te movt common, and, we presume, the 

 - the one upon which the gruus appear* to have been 

 , CfuHtt ariona, correctly named." 



The following is UM definition of the typical species :_ 



C. crterec. Common Trec-Fern, unarmed, or with few distant short 

 , on the main racbis and stipe* which are frequently downy ; 



... _i ,_, Unceolate. elongate, much acuminated, 



, or with the rachi* and oosta hairy, paler 

 on*, cup-shaped in age, a little contracted 



ward*, opening with a beautifully even margin. It i* a native of 

 Jamaica, Ilwj.iuoU. Martinique, ht Vincent, probably the West India 

 Island* (etwraUy, and BruiL 



In Hooker'. Species Kih<-.im ' the members of this genu* are di- 

 Uibutod according to the dutricte in which they grow. Twenty-one 



Ir^bWnn.te; ptonuls. 



deeply pionatind. glabrous, 



U ; involucre coriaceo 



species are natives of the West Indies, Mexieo, and South America. 

 Two only are found in South Africa. Eleven are natives of Eastern 

 India and islands, the Pacific Inlands, and New Zealand. 



Few of these Ferns are used by man, and although very elegant are 

 seldom cultivated. One of them, C. metitUlaru, a native of New 

 Zealand, produces a starchy matter, which is used by the natives as 

 food, and called Mamaga. The starch is found HI the roots, and 

 them are baked and eaten as food. 



(Hooker, Speciti Filicttm ; liurnett, Outlinn of Botany.) 



CYAT1I< "KIM IKS, a genus of Fossil Vrinoidta, confined to the 

 Palfoozuic Strata. [KXCKINITES.] 



CYATHUPHY'LLUM, a genus of MadrcphyUiaa, which occurs 

 fossil in Pakcoaoic Strata, especially in the calcareous beds of the 

 Silurian and Carboniferous Rocks. In the works of Uoldfuss, Murchi- 

 son, and Phillips, many species sro recorded from the Eifel, Siilnji, 

 Devon, Yorkshire, Ac. [HaDUHmUOa,] 



< V I'.IUM, a genus of Fossil Fishes, from the London Clay of 

 Shi'ppey. (Agassiz.) 



C\ CADA'CEJS, Cycadi, the Cycas Tribe, one of the natural orders 

 of Oymnospermous Plants. It is essentially characterised -by its trunk 

 growing in a cylindrical unbranched manner, in consequence of the 

 i'lnent of one terminal bud only, and by its dicecious flowers, 

 of which the males at least grow in cones composed of peltate scale*. 

 In one genus, Zamia, the female flowers ulso are disposed in the same 

 manner ; in the otbor, I'ycta, they are placed upon the toothings of 

 abortive leaves, occupying the centre of the terminal bud. The 

 leaves of these plants are pinnated, and have a certain resemblance 

 to those both of ferns and palms ; their wood is arranged both in con- 

 centric circles, which in C'ycai are numerous, and in a confused manner 

 among the central pith ; so that a Cycadaceous stem partakes in struc- 

 ture of the peculiarities of \xith Exogtns and Endogens. In the 

 manner in which their leaves uurol, and in their terminal single bud, 

 .Vycadacea resemble Ferns, with which they may moreover be com- 

 pared on account of their fruit proceeding from leaves ; with Conifera 

 they accord in the cone-like arrangement of their ports of fructi I 

 and their naked ovules ; and with Palms in the secretion of a large 

 quantity of fivcula in their stem, in their mode of growth, and in the 



Cyoal tit final-it. 

 1, a Male cone ; 2, s female >)iikc ; S, section of s ripe fruit. 



arrangement of a part of their woody system. Cycadacttc thprefore, 

 belonging as they do to QymnoKpcrms, possess nearly equal affinity 

 with Palms, or Endogens, and Tree-Ferns, or Acrogeus. The species 

 are natives of the tropics and temperate parts of America and Asia. 

 They are found at the Cape of Good Hope and Madagascar, but not 

 in equinoctial Africa, One specicx, Afacrozamia tjiira/ii, inhabits the 

 west coast of Australia. Undoubted fossil remains of these plants 



