t V. I-oHUAXCHUTA. 



CYCLOSI8. 



hat flattened form, and an 



abi* for tMr having the external margin* of the elytra pro- 

 beyond Ik* body ; UK outer margin* of the Uiuraz are also 

 ' and OODOM! th. head. Thoat part* which extend beyond 

 iteelf am c*a*rUy Mmitnuuparant and flattened, whilst 

 bJch t ~-"--y cover th* in**ct an more or lea* convex, 

 i* at ml. UM l*ga, which are rather abort and com- 



1 tin 1 1. are retracted, and UM external margin* of the elytra and 

 Utorax ar* applied cloMly to UM plant on which it live*. The Urvtc 

 of th* CmtnJa an of a depreawd form, and osually armed on the 

 port* with numerous little spine* ; these ar* longest on the 

 of UM body and at the tail. The UM of these little spines 

 i to h* (or UM purpoM of holding the excrement of the animal, 

 i* alway* deposited upon it* back, and probably serve* aa a 

 i at dcwno*, by concealing it from it* enemiea. 

 C. nrMlw, an insect not uncommon iu thi* country, is about 



quarter of an inch in length, and of a bright green colour above ; 

 UM body bapaath i* black. Tais specie* lives both in the larva and 

 imago tote* upon thistle*. 



Mr. fllifihans, in hi* 'Catalogue of British Insect*,' enumerate*. 

 l*)*tan specie* of thi* genus. 



The iixints belonging to the other three genera of the Cauidiadae have 

 UM body of a more elongated form than those just described, and 

 UM bead i* exposed, the margins of the thorax and elytra not being 

 produced. They are all included in the genus ///*;> of Liuna-us. 



l.nllKAXCHIATA, an order in De Blaiuville's arrangement 

 of UM HoUutca. It include* those animals mostly referred to the 

 CuTi.-ruui order \tuiilramckiiita. [NuDiBBANCHiATA.] 



i } l.i 'ID KISI1KS. One great division of Fishes is thus termed 

 by Agaaau, from the concentric ittriation apparent in their scales, of 

 which the *ub*tance i* horny, not bony nor enamelled. They are 

 rare a* foaaUa in all except the more .recent strata, but abound at the 

 praentday. [Fust*.] 



CYCI.Ul.ITKS, a genus of lladrti-hylliaa, including single-celled 

 specie*. (MADHxrHTLLiuu.) 



CYCLO'POM A, a genus of Fossil Fiahe*, from Sheppey. (Agansiz.) 



CYCLOPS. (BBAKCIIIOPODA.] 



CYCLOTTEKLS, a genus of Fossil Ferns (Rrongniart), remarkable 

 for the size and orbicular or oval shape of the leafite. To the species 

 from the Coal-Measure* (C. orbicuiari*, C. 06/171*0, &c.) this remark 

 applie* bettor than to thoae (C. Beanii, C. dilatata, 4c.) from the 

 Oolite*, which are really of a different genus. [COAL-PLANTS.] 

 1.OITEKU&. [DISCOBOLI.] 



CYCLOSI8. The regular movemenU of the contents observed in 

 UM interior of the cells of many plant* have obtained this name, to 

 ^MtituniUli them from other movement* to which the vegetable cell 

 i* sublet. 



The fluid content* of the cells exhibit two kinds of movement, 

 one in which there i* observable in each cell a single current ascending 

 on th* on* aide and descending on the other, and another in which 

 minute currents, with numerous anastomosing branches present them- 

 elvea. The fluids which move vary in colour, transparency, and 

 onn*l*tnny, and carry with them whatever grains or globules of 

 torch, protein, oil, chlorophyle, or other matters that may be loose 

 in to* interior of the cell 



Th* TTJatnm of theae curious currents was first made known by 

 Bonavcntura Corti in 1772, who observed them in the sap of certain 

 pecM* of CAaracea and in Cantinia franjil.it. Foutana about the 

 ante time confirmed these discoveries. They however excited no 

 attention, and the fact* *eem to have been rediscovered by Treviranus 

 in Germany in 1807, and Amici in Italy in 1819, and still later by 

 Variey in England. 



The number of plant* in which theae movemenU are observed is 

 vary numerous, and every day is adding to their number. It is not 

 under all drcumatence* that the current* are developed. They are 

 MS* active, and aumetimes not at all seen, when the cell is very young 

 or vry old. When young the current* are not established, when 

 old they ciass. In some instance* preparation of the plant is 

 n*ce*m*ry. In some of tb* form* of Chora the bark external to the 

 evil* must b* removed. ID faUimeria ipiralit it is seen best when 

 UM Uaf is cut in two. Heat also increase* these movement*, so that 

 plant* which fail at first to exhibit them, will do so after remaining 



litUe lime in a warm room. The persistence of this motion is very 

 curious in some of the plant* which exhibit it Thus in VaUimeria 

 it will continue in the Uaf Mveral mouth* alter it has been separated 

 from it* parent plant, and although the leaf exhibit* the yellowness 

 of d*oay. (' Microscopical Journal,' p. SS, voL ii.) 



Mr. Lawaoo of Edinburgh give* the following list of plants in 

 which b* ha* observed Ibis movement of UM cell-content* : 



Cknr-r Slid .\ilttla. 

 Snyillarta tagitti/vtia. 

 -...-. 



1'aJlunrna tpiralu. 

 JM*Mfef**Mlr*L 

 Ufdroduuit mvrtiu ramir. 



Loata (in stinging hairs). 



Ufiica (in stinging hairs). 



TradtKanlia firyinica (in hairs of filament*). 



Campanula medium (hairs of corolla). 



JUarcluuilia (polymorpha !) (radical huin). 



fodvitcmacett. 



Lichens. 



Alya. 



foagi. 



These movement* are bent seen in the plants in which they were 

 first discovered in A'itcila, Hydrwlmrit, and VaUimma. Each of 

 these ha* its peculiarities, and may be taken as examples of the rest 

 In XittUa the moving stream i* very considerable, so that only a 

 narrow streak remains at comparative rest between the ascending and 

 descending current*. The stream is strong and rapid, and came* 

 along with it starch granules of considerable size. It* course is not 

 exactly parallel to the axis of the stem, but forms a small angle v. ith 

 it In two contiguous cells, the currents flowing on the |. million 

 between them run in opposite directions ; consequently, throughout 

 the whole plant, the ascending streams are uu mn- hide, and in fact 

 owing to their oblique direction form u spiral : thin U the cage also 

 with the descending streams. If the cell be carefully tied across, the 

 current is in a short time re-established in each sub-division. If the 

 cell be cut through, the fluid escapes only on one side, the remainder 

 of the fluid making the entire circuit of the cull before it come* to 

 its turn to escape. 



Mr. Lawsou gives the following account of the movement in the 

 ii'-w Water- Weed which has just appeared in this country, and is called 

 by Mr. BMngtonAnackaruAUinatirum. [UooKA ; HYDUUCHAKIDACEJL] 

 " The leaf of the Anacliarii is composed of cells of an oblong form, 

 but in some parts of the leaf becoming much elongated. At the 

 margin of the leaf (which is toothed, each tooth consisting of a 

 single somewhat triangular cell) the tissue consists of a single 

 layer of cells, the Litter being more elongated in form than those 

 towards the centre of the leaf. In these marginal cells, the green 

 granules (chlorophyle) which they contain may be readily seen in 

 rotation, thus indicating the currents of cell-sap. The phenomenon 

 is best seen however in those cells (very much elongated) which form 

 the midrib of the leaf. Granules are seen scattered about in the 

 cells ; a few in the centre of each cell ore fixed. But there will be 

 observed another set of spherules, forming a continuous line around 

 the margin of each cell ; these ore in rapid motion, flowing along 

 one side of the cell, generally with great regularity, till they arrive at 

 the end, where they cross over and return by the other side, thus 

 forming a continuous rotation in the cell. Although the granules 

 generally move on in this way without interruption closely following 

 each other, still a casual interruption occasionally takes place, and 

 crowding ensues ; this is most frequent at the ends of the cells at 

 the ' crossing.' But th.; granules are gifted with even a greater share 

 of politeness than ia usually to be found at a London crossing ; for 

 when a crowding takes place, there is never seen an obstreperous 

 granule trying to gain the precedence of his fellows to get over first." 



The movement* of the minute anastomosing currents are more, 

 difficult to observe than those above described. They do not occur 

 alone in water-plauU, but have been principally observed in the 

 Phaneiw/'i HI >". In the anastomosing current* the movement is always 

 observed to and from the c}tobhu.t of the cell, which is invunuUy 

 The fluid is of a mucous (proteinaceou*) nature, and mixed 

 with minute opaque granules. The currents cover the internal surface 

 of the cell-wall, or traverse the cavity of the cells from one wall to 

 the other, without mingling with the rent of the cell-fluid, which for 

 the most port is aa clear as water. On this subject SchleideD says, 

 " Up to the present time (1849) I have found this peculiar form of 

 circulation in numerous cryptogomous plants, for instance, ia 

 AcUya prolifera, Sjirioyyra, and other H 'yphomycetet and Confirm ; in 

 almost all the forms of hair in the Phanerogamia that I have as yet 

 examined, for instance, in the Solanun tubcrvtum ; in many spores, 

 such as of E'i<tisctuitt arrrnie, and pollen granules, for instance of 

 .fiiiutlicra ymndijiora in the immature state ; in almost all immature 

 endosperm-cells, aa in A r u;//tr luleum, and eHpecially in such as are 

 subsequently re-absorbed, as in Ccratoji/tyllmn danertum ; in almost all 

 stigma-papilla*, as in '/'''. ,,n < I'ctneriana ; in the loose cells uf juicy fruits 

 in the young state, as in Pruuiu dumatica ; in the pulp which is formed 

 by the placenta! cords, us in Alammillaria ; less frequently in the 

 loose juicy parenchyma of many plants in the young state, as in 

 Tradacaiitia rotca, I believe it exints however in all vegetal>l 

 as long as the cytoblaat retains its vitality. As instances admitting 

 of verification, 1 would mention the fruit of ^ijnijilioricarjioi racemotui 

 (Suowberry) or of a .Wammttlaria." 



In these instances each cell is isolated and filled with an entirely 

 colourless fluid. At one part of the wall can be seen the cytobUiat 

 presenting a well-marked uuclcolar corpuscle. The cytoblost in always 

 KiirTiMindcd by a narrow areola of a yellowish mucous fluid, thickly 

 en. will il with ininuh; opaque granules, and from it proceed cm Tent.-c 

 of various width and depth. The currents con be seen passing to 



