Isles of Man 



Plymouth 



North of 

 St. Abb'ii 



Claw II. llyp*oma. 



t )f\10r I 4 jf ffWMattft 



Family 1. AUrriada. 



L 1 Tr^Aau (fro**- r*u. Forb-V Frith of Forth 

 1 A. nchutn, (I'nulrr rioUctut, Forbe.). frith of 



Forth, Plymouth Sound, Berwick-on-Tweed. 

 1 A. flueMii (I'nuttr gUicialu, Forbes). Plymouth 



Sound. 



4. A. kupida (Unutrr kupida). Isle of Man. 

 Family 2. Attroptctenida. 



' 1. A. imyuiaru (Atttria* awrantiaca, Forbes). South 



Coast of England. 

 II l.nidia. 



I. L. Satiynii (L. frayilutima, Forbes) 

 and Amu. 



III. Sobuttr. 



1. & tdtea. Scotland. 



2. & pappota. Frith of Forth. 



IV. Hfxricw. 



1. H. or*lat*i (CribtUa oculata, Forbes). - .,_ 

 Sound, Coast of Northumberland, Frith of Forth. 



2. //. rosw (Cribella roteo, Forbes). Ayrshire. 

 Family & Penlacmtida. 



I. Hippatttria. 



1. H. ejuatrit (Otnia^rr tquettru, Forbes). 

 England. 



2. H. abbfjuii (Gmiaittr abltHtit, Forbes). 

 Head. 



Family 4. Aittrixidce. 



I. Palmipa. 



1. P. memtnauttfot. Isle of Man. 



II. Poramia. 



1. P. fmIriU*i (Govuttr Templtlmi, Forbea). Ply 

 mouth Sound, Arran, Isle of Man. 



III. Atttri*a. 



\.A.yii>b<na. Plymouth Sound. 

 Order II. Opkiurida. 

 Family 1. OpAinH&t 



1. a. ciliata (OiAivra tejcturata, Forba). Dover 

 Frith of Forth. 



2. 0. albida(f>phi<iraa)btJa, Forbes). Frith of rortli 



'Iryani (Opkvxomut nryltcta, Forbes). Shetland 



4. ti. l> unftala(Opltiocomaptmftala, Forbes). Scotland 

 6. O./tli/orma (Opkioeoma flifomit, Forbes). Frith 



of Clyde, Frith of Forth. 



1. O. arulrala (Opkioeouta Mlit, Forbea). Isle of Man, 

 Shetland, and Orkney. 



2. O. braekiala (Opkiocoma brackiata, Forbes). Devon- 

 shire. 



5. 0. BaKii (Opkioeoma Ballii, Forbes). Ireland. 



V U. (ioodtiH (OjMocoma tioodnri, Forbes). North 

 Britain. 



1. (>. nipra (0. yraulala, Forbes). Devon, Plymouth 

 Sound. 



IV. Opkiolkrir. 



1. u/ryi/u ('*^Ai'<xmaro*/o, Forbes). Torbay. 



2. O. mimula. Is\e of Man. 

 Family 2. Atinpkylmtda. 



1. A. aJhrnetmi (A. ir*lat*m, Forbes). North Sea. 

 Onto I II. Crmuidta. 

 Family 1. /'mfticri'it <</<. 



. 

 1. .1. oWoauro. (ComatuJa rotaeta, Forbes). British 



OOHUI, Cork, Plymouth Sound. 

 II. Ifynamtda. 



1. a.pult^Om. Kent 

 Of this arrangement Mr. Forbes says : "The other memoir to 

 which I must allude is one by Mr. Uray on the SUr-Fishea, which he 



British siiecies : 



Order L Puutiyrada. 



vrvmam .ttnt appearance of cirrhi springing from brachial 

 membranes, which with the true arms form the organ* of motion. 



II. Spiniyraila. 



OpAiurioVe. Disappearance of brachial membranes ; cirrhi as before ; 

 true arms clothed with spines for motion. 



III. Virrhiyriida. 



Atttriad<r.A.rm* disappear; body more or leas lobed, and lobes 

 channeled beneath for cirrhi, which act as suckers, and are the orgaus 

 of motion. 



IV. Oirrhi-Spmigrada. 



Eckinida. Gradual disappearance of lobes ; cirrhiferou* canals ap- 

 pearing a* avenue* where cirrhi act as in Order III., but are assisted 

 by mobile spines clothing the integument 



V. Cirrhi- Vermigrada. 

 IfolotkuriafUc. Lobe* disappear ; motions effected by avenues of 



cirrhi, assisted by contraction and extension of the soft body. 

 VI. Vermigrada. 



Siptuuulida. Cirrhi become obsolete and disappear; motion 

 effected by the contraction and extension of the animal's body. 



"A glance," says Mr. Forbes, " at this arrangement will at once show 

 that it is most natural. There is nothing novel in it as regards the con- 

 stitution of the groups, saving tlie recognition of the C*pAiuri<te a* an 

 order equivalent to the other orders ; but as an explanation of the true 

 nature and relation of the Echinodermatous tribes I prefer it to any 

 arrangement at present used, and have accordingly followed it through- 

 out this work. All the Kadiala are greatly influenced in^the arrange- 

 ment of their parts by some definite number. In the Echinodtrmata 

 the reigning number U five. The name of ' Five-Fingers' commonly 

 applied by mariners to the Star-Fishes is founded on a popular recog- 

 nition of the number regnant It has long been noticed. Among 

 the problems proposed by that true spirited but eccentric philosopher 

 Sir Thomas Browne U one ' Why among the Sea-Stars nature chiefly 

 delighteth in five points? 1 and in his 'Garden of Cyrus %o observes, 

 1 By the same number (five) doth nature divide the circle of the Sea- 

 Star, and in that order and number disposeth those elegant semi- 

 circle* or dental socket* and eggs in the Sea-Heilgeliog.' Among 

 the lower and the typical orders we find this number regulating the 

 number of part*. Every plate of the Sea-Urchin is built up of penta- 

 gonal particles. The skeletons of the digestive, the aquiferous, and 

 the tegumentary systems equally present the quinary arrangement ; 

 and even the cartilaginous framework of the disc of every sucker is 

 regulated by this mystic number. When the parts of Echinoderms 

 deviate from it, it is always either in consequence of the abortion of 

 certain organs, or it U a variation by representation ; that is to say, 

 by the assumption of the regnant number of another class. Thus do 

 monstrous Star-Fishes and Urchins often appear quadrate and have their 

 parts four-fold, assuming the reigning number of the Aclinodermata 

 consistent with a law in which I put firm trust, that when parallel 

 groups vary numerically by representation, they vary by interchange 

 of their respective numbers. 



" In this short introduction I have rather given the generalities of 

 the subject than details of structure, for which I would refer the 

 reader to the excellent account of the anatomy of Echinodermata 



r'ven by Professor Jones in his 'Outlines of the Aniinnl Kingiluni.' 

 hall conclude by presenting a tabular view of the dintribui 

 our native specie*. In the first of the two following tables the 

 numbers of species of each family known to inhabit the sever*! 

 of the sea is given ; in the second a view of their distribution in tin- 

 various provinces of the British seas with such foreign localities as 

 are recorded. I have divided the marine provinces thus : 



" I. Thulean, including the Orkney and Shetland Islands. II. He- 

 bridean. III. Scottish Eastern Coast IV. English Hostcrn Coast 

 V English Channel. VI. St George's Channel VII. Southern, the 

 District between Land's End and Cape Clear. VIIL Smith-w. -t. 

 Irish. IX. North-west, Irish. X The Clyde Province and North 

 Channel XI. Irish Sea. 



" Talk of Zonal Dittribution. 



calk the claw Hypoloma, and define* somewhat ambiguously, pub- 

 lished simultaneously with my two first numbers, in the ' Annals of 

 Natural History.' I am afraid I miut oanrars Mr. Gray for changing 



mt imj . - . 



l still more than Muller, aad with USB reason. 

 , their fellow-laboui 



It is a pity loolo- 

 m in the field of 

 Gray has increased the 



giste do not take a UsBon from their felloi 



nature, the botanist*, in toil respect Mr. 



confusion by giving fragment* of descriptions instead of genuine and 

 specific character., probably from carrying too far a laudable deaire 

 for brevity. His essay destrves pnuw however for recording many 



