ECHINODERMATA. 



ECHIXODEHMATA. 



4SI 



Oolitic Group. 



. 



C. 



d 



C STIM/M, Buokm. 



' 



. . 



. , Desm. 



\*rlnJitet rltnuemlaru. 



(l,J,i<*l,rma Bgrrtooi, Forbas. 



(Opkimrf, Brod.) 

 0. JliUeri, Forbes. 



(OpAiwo, Phil.) 



mitradtiala, Forbes. 

 "/Aura Murrnrii, Forbes. 

 Pftttaentau botaltifvrmi*. Mill. 

 P. Briami, Mill. 

 P. tealaru, OoUlf. 

 P. nbawHlarii. Mill. 



/XMMtar /*, Ag. 



~---.-- J_ 



- r... 



, PhiL 



. , 



Pygatler pdalliformit, Ag. 



' ' 



Carboniferous Group. 



ArliMfri<u nfnlratm, Aust P. Derlieiuu, Sow. 



/>. glabonu. Say. 



J. ra/a/Urartiu. Aust. 



X. m*rvf, M'Coy. 



A. Msftu, M'Coy. 



J. o/oaanu, PhU. 



X. (<rru. Mill 



A.pnilliu, M'Coy. 



j. Kmrllattu, Phil 



X. trianntadadylu. Mill 



^(ttTtmu J/itf<ri, M'Coy. 



OaMommu o.r, Phil 



(7. ffcri/w, PhiL 



r. co.iow, Pi.ii. 



6'. dirforfm, PhiL 



C. macncJuirut, M'Coy. 

 C m.V/r,., Phil. 

 6'. onutfiu, PhiL 

 C. WBM, MilL 



Krkixotri* tulirmlmrlxxili, Port. p. 



JT. ylabritpina, PhiL sp. 



MmuUriaiHa, De Koniuch. 



/;. tfru, Horn. up. 



JR rrtm/w, PhiL sp. 



SmyoeritKU conform, Phil. 



Otttofjocriiiiu 6ima, PhiL 



A ea/cara/tu, PhU. 



(7. mammUIarii, PhiL 



O. wpter, PortL 



Palttchinu* elegant, M'Coy. 



y. ellipticta, Scouler. 



/'. .'/.''/a*, M'Coy. 



P. Konigii, M'Coy. 



/". ipfiaricta, Soouler. 



Penlalnmatita acuttu, Sow. 



/'. iiCa/iu, Sow. 



/'. obluiiiiut. Sow. 



/'. oi-bicularit. Sow. 

 1 /'. petitagoiialu, Sow. 



r/tilliptoerinia caryocrmoide*, 



M'Coy. 

 1 flalj/friuta anlli: liunltt, Aust. 



/>. ocm(roc<ta, Phit 

 rcma/iu, Godf. 



P. tlliptictu, I'liil. 



/. eUmyatm*, PhiL 



P. upaiuiu, M'Coy. 



y.w,PhiL 



P. lacnuatut, Phfl. 



P. favu, Mill. 



P. microttyitu, PhiL 



P. orna/iu, M 



y. piuirtadu, M'Coy. 



y. ru^antt. Mill. 



y. limilii, M'Coy. 



y. Iriacontadaeti/lui, M'Coy. 



y. tvberculatiu, Mill. 



Poteriocrinut conical, PhiL 



y. onunu, Mill. 



y. gmcitit, M'Coy. 



y. impnuHt, PhiL 



y. (fltwX Mill. 



Rhodocriniu almormu, M'Coy. 



A. rcnw. Mill. 



SymLathocrinia conictu, Phil. 



Taxucn'nw Egertoni, PhiL 



r. io4i/u. 

 T.polydactylut, M'Coy. 



/'. attgulutia, Sow. 



Devonian Group. 



Xiid<x-n'iu hyttrix, Phil. C. pinnaliu, Ooldf. 



CVoMamiHU rfirfam, PhiL C. r,m,,i,Y,>. PhiL 



J'tntiltrrmalltrl oralit. Goldf. 



a pWMtrieiu, Gulilf. Plalycrinui interteaputarit, Phil. 



C. MoWarfyfiu, 1'l.il. P. pentanyvktri,, Mia 



C. megoflfliu. 1'l.iL ritrocniiiu mocnxfadyfiu, Phil. 



t'. 



Sil.irian Oroup. 



. M .: 



Phil. 



. ri.p/r 



I-hiL 



M rauiUarii 1'hil. 

 :n V ww,Mill. 

 C. gtmiodactfltu. ] 



I>imrrocrinta <l(Cadaftyl*l,-V\t\\. 

 D. icoridactfliu, Phil. 



Mr. 



,MlD 



\ t 



Taxoen'niu Ittlxmlaltu. PhiL 

 TrocAocrimu terit, PortL 



But few of tho pecii here raoorded belong to the group of the 

 true HUr-KuhM, or Atlmadtr. To Profcunor E. Forbes we an 

 indebted for luring collected together all tlic information poeaMd 

 on thU ubject. In hi* paper in the ' Memoir* of the Geological 

 Surrey of Great Britain, on the Ilrituh Foaul At*riadB,' h aay 



"The traoM of the firrt appearance of Aitrriadtr occur in rotki 

 of the Bala neriea, or eren lower in the geological Kale. They were 

 flm noticed by Profeamr Sedgwick, who found them in bed. of corre- 

 DoodiDC age in Cumberland, where they were alro obnerred by 

 Mr. Ihii.ixl Sharpe. The reMarohei of the Geological Surrey have 

 brought to light .irniUr foerila in the ISala Rocks, near Bala, and in 

 the aaby tlafe* at Krumcannon, near W.terford, where they were 

 found by Captain Jamca. Thee Utter bed* probably correspond 



with the former. It U very remarkable that form* of Star-FUhea, 

 trikiugly similar, have been found in the Lower Silurian Strata of 

 ud Statea. 



" The Cumberland, Welsh, and Irish Star-Fishes all belong to one 

 urn us. After a very careful examination of all the specimens I lisre 

 iieenable to procure (and through the kindness of Professor Sedgwick 

 nd Mr. Sharpe every facility ha* been afforded), I am induced to 

 r, f,-r Uiera to the existing genus Fra*r (Aiteracanlhum of Mullar 

 and Trosohel), members of which are at the present day the most 

 abundant Star-Fishes in the liritish aeu and throughout North 

 America. 



" The general aupcct of the Paheozoic Star-Fishes must have bean 

 -trikimrly similar to that of the I'riuleriir, now living. 



" Indeed, imprensions taken from the latter in clay would so closely 

 resemble those which we find in ancient rocks, that the critical eye 

 of a naturalist would be required for the definition of their specific 

 .listinctness. Nor does this arise through the obscurity of imper- 

 fection* of such imprensions, for the external characters, so far as 

 colour and sculpture of surface, and even many points of structure, 

 ore very completely indicated in them, rude as they may seem. 

 ' " As yet, with the exception of the instances already referred to, 

 only one other instance of the discovery of a Paleozoic Asteriad has 



probable, however, that the progress of research will bring many 

 more to light. In the older secondary strata not a few have been 

 found, both in Britain and abroad. A doubtful form (Atttritu obttua) 

 has been figured by Goldfus* from the Muschelkalk, who has also 

 made known a true Ailerias or Aitropectcn, from the Lias of 

 Wurtemberg. Several species of Aitroptctm have been observed in 

 the Oolites of Yorkshire, and similar forms in corresponding beds in 

 Germany. Where tVartmahave also been found, a single example of 

 fossil Luidia has been made known from the marlstone of Yorkshire, 

 and a Goniatler from Oolitic Beds in Germany. In the Upper Secondary 

 (Cretaceous Rocks) numerous fossil .Star-Fishes have occurred, espe- 

 ciallyof the genus Oonita'.er. Representatives of Oretulfr, Atlropectrn, 

 Ailrrina, and Arthraiter (n. g.), are also present in the Cretaceous 

 Aeries. The few older Tertiary Star-Fishes with which we are 

 acquainted belong to the genus Attropecten. Arguing from the 

 analogy of their associates, there can be no question that Star-Fishes 

 were abundant in the Tertiary seas. 



" Yet how very rare are the traces of their existence. In the later 

 Tertiary Strata, the only evidence as yet procured of their presence 

 during the deposition of those beds consists in a few minute fragmen- 

 tary ossicula of I'nuleria. Yet when we consider the gregarious habits of 

 those Star-Fishes, especially of the species to which the ossicula pre- 

 served in all probability belonged, it is very wonderful to remark the 

 almost total disappearance of their cxu viaj, and the fact should serve a* 

 n caution to those who would unhesitatingly infer the absence of a tribe 

 of organised beings, especially of such as present few facilities for 

 preservation, from the absence of their fossil remains. Even now, 

 when dredging, we very rarely bring up any remains of dead Star- 

 Fishes, whilst the living animals are not only present in the locality 

 explored, but often so abundant as to fill the bag of the dredge, to 

 the exclusion of all other creatures. 



" Instead of confining this paper to an account of the Palaeozoic 

 Star- Fishes only, I have thought it desirable to embody in it a synopsis 

 of all our British fossil species, and a notice of all foreign ones with 

 which I am acquainted. This is the more necessary a* no connected 

 account of the fossil Atteriailir exists, and as the geologist has no 

 text at present by which he may determine the species in his 

 collection." (See Table in column 485.) 



One of the most interesting groups of Fossil Kchtntxlcrmata, is 

 uii'lniiMedly that to which the name Cyttidttn has been given. 

 Remain* of these creatures were known to occur in the strata of the 

 north of Europe, as long ago a* the time of Liniuvus. The true 

 nature and relations of these fossil* were entirely misunderstood, 

 till the appearance of Von Bitch's illustrated Essay ' Ober Cystideen,' 

 published in 1845. Since the publication of Von Buch's Essay 

 numerous researches have been made in this country and on the 

 continent of Kiirope on this subject. One of the most valuable 

 contributions 1s the Monograph of Professor K. Forbes, ' On the 

 Cytides9 of the Silurian Rock* of the British Islands,' in the ' Memoirs 

 of the Geological Survey of Great liritain.' The general characters 

 of this group of animals are as follows : They are more or less 

 spherical bodies covered with polygonal plates, varying in number 

 according to the genus, closely fitting together, so a* to invest tho 

 entire surface with a coat of mail, except at four points, namely, 

 iufi-riorly where the body unites with a stem ; centrally or above the 

 centre ; on one side, where there in an opening closed by valve*, sup- 

 posed with good reason to be the orifice of the reproductive system ; 

 and superiorly where the month ix f.nni'l, n-nally if not always with 

 a small ]wrfontti<m, Hupposed to be a vent, alongside of it. These 

 parts, namely, the plates investing tin- l-'Iy, the three orifices (for 

 the fourth perforation, ' ''ose, i* continuous with the canal 



of the stem where the latter i* well developed), and probably the 

 stem, are common to all Cyitidecr. 



