521 



EMBLICA. 



ENCRINITES. 



523 



this genus. It remains in the British Islands throughout the year ; 

 and on account of its very familiar presence in corn-fields, is fre- 

 quently called the Corn-Bunting. It builds its nest in April, and lays 

 four or five eggs of a reddish-white or pale purple-red ground, streaked 

 and spotted with dark purple-brown. It feeds on the seeds of the 

 grasses, of the Polyyona, of sorrels, and of cereal plants ; also on Cole- 

 opterous Insects. 



In both sexes of this species the upper parts are of a light yellowish- 

 brown streaked with blackish-brown, each feather being of that colour 

 along the shaft ; lower parts pale yellowish-gray, each feather of the 

 fore neck tipped with a triangular spot of brownish-black, the fore 

 part of the breast and the sides with more elongated and fainter spots. 



E. sckcenicliw, the Reed-Bunting. It is also called, according to 

 MacGillivray, Black-Headed Bunting, Reed-Sparrow, Water-Sparrow, 

 Ring-Bunting, Ring-Bird, Ring-Fowl, and Chuck. It frequents marshy 

 places, where it is seen perching on willows, reeds, sedge, and other 

 aquatic plants. It feeds on insects, seeds, and small Mollusca. The 

 nest is placed among aquatic plants, and is composed of stalks and 

 blades of grasses, bits of rushes, and the like. The eggs are four or 

 five in number, of a yellowish-gray, with tortuous or angular lines, 

 and irregular spots of black. This bird is easily distinguished from 

 the other species by its black head and white throat. 

 E. citrinetta, the Yellow Bunting, or Yellow Ammer. It is also called 

 in English Yellow Yelding or Yolding, Yellow Yowley, Yellow Yite, 

 Yeldrock Skute, and Devil's Bird. It is a permanent resident in Great 

 Britain, in cultivated and wooded districts, where it is well known. 

 The back and wings are bright red, the central part of each feather 

 brownish-black. The nest is composed of coarse grasses and twigs, 

 neatly lined with fine grass, fibrous roots, and hairs : it is placed on 

 the ground or in the lower part of a bush. It lays four or five eggs 

 purplish-white, marked with linear and angular streaks and a few 

 irregular dots of black. - 



E. Cirliu, the Girl-Bunting. This bird is not so common in this 

 country as the last, which it greatly resembles. It was first distin- 

 guished as a British bird by Colonel Montague. It is a native also of 

 the south of Europe, and is more frequent in the south of England 

 than in the north. 



/.'. hortulana, the Ortolan Bunting. A very few specimens only of 

 this bird have been taken in England. It is common in the southern 

 countries of Europe, and migrates as far northward as the Baltic. 



(MacGillivray, Manual of Britith Birdt ; Yarrell, Jfatory of Britith 

 Birdt.) 



E'MBLICA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Euphorbiacea. It has monoecious flowers ; the calyx 6-parted ; 

 3 stamens combined; 3 styles dichotomous ; the fruit fleshy, tricoccous, 

 6-<eeded. 



E. officinalii is a native of most parts of India. It is a tree having 

 a crooked trunk, with branches thinly scattered in every direction ; 

 the male branches spreading and drooping. The leaves are alternate, 

 spreading, one or two feet long, and about one and a half or two inches 

 broad : the stipules small, withering ; the flowers minute, of a greenish 

 colour ; the fruit a drupe, fleshy, globular, smooth, 6-striated : the nut 

 obovate, obtusely triangular, 3-celIed ; the seeds two in each cell. 

 The bark of this tree is astringent, and is used in India as a remedy 

 for diarrhoea. The fruit is acid, and tastes astringent, and when 

 eaten acts as a mild purgative. This plant is the Phyllanthus Emblica 

 of Linnaeus ; and ifyroltalanut EnMica of Bauhin. 



(Lindley, flora Medico,.) 



EMBRYO. [REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS ; REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS ; 

 SEED.] 



EMERALD. [BERYL.] 



KMKRITA. [HIPPA.] 



KMKRY. [ADAMANTINE SPAR ; CORUNDUM.] 



EMMET, a name used by early English writers for the Ant. 

 [FORMICA.] 



KM 1'A I, KM KXT, an obsolete name for the stamen of* flower. 



KMI'KKOK-MOTH. [SATUHXIA.] 



KMPETRA'CE.iE, Crowberria, a small natural order of Polypeta- 

 lous Exogenous Plants, related to Euphorlnatece. They consist of 

 unisexual heath-like plants with minute flowers, having a calyx with 

 a few imbricated sepals that change into about three membranous 

 j>etaln, a small number of hypogynous stamens, and a superior ovary 

 with from 3 to 9 cells, in each of which there is a single ascending 

 ovule. The fruit is fleshy and berried. They are small acrid plants, 

 of no known use, and comprise a few species from the north and 

 south of Europe, North America, and the Straits of Magalhacns. 

 i.u.f.'trum niyrum, the Crakeberry or Crowberry, is wild on the 

 ni'miitainous heaths in the north of England. Its black fruit forms 

 an article of food in the northern parts of the world, but is reported 

 to be unwholesome, and to cause headache. A sort of wine has been 

 prepared from it for many centuries in Iceland and Norway ; whence 

 the report of real wine which was used at the sacrament being made 

 in those countries. 



The white berries of the Camarinlttira (Corema) are employed by 

 the Portuguese in making an acidulous beverage, which the domestic 

 jiliy-ucians esteem in fevers. 



There are 4 genera and 4 species of this order. 



EMPETRUM. [EMPETRACE*:.] 



Empetnim rubrum. 



i 1, a female flower, much magnified ; 2, a pistil; 3, a transverse section of 

 the same. 



EMU. [STRUTHIONID.B.] 



EMYS. [CHJSLONIA.] 



EMYSAURA. [CHF.LONIA.] 



ENALIOSAURA, a name proposed for the great Fossil Marine 

 Lizards represented by Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurns. [ICHTHYO- 

 SAURUS ; PLESIOSAURUS ; REPTILES.] 



ENAMEL. [TEETH; DENTITION.] 



ENCELADITE, a Mineral containing Titanium, a variety of 

 Wanridrite. [WARWICKITE.] 



ENCEPHALARTOS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural 

 order Cycadacece. The species are found in Africa. Like many 

 of the other forms of Cycadaceous Plants they yield starch in 

 their stems, which are prepared by the natives and eaten ; 

 hence these plants are known by the name of Caffer-Bread or 

 Kaffir-Bread. 



ENCHANTER'S NIGHT-SHADE. [CIHC.EA.] 



ENCHELIS, a genus of Infusorial Animalcules. The species E. 

 sanguinea and E. pulvisculus, according to Meyen, form the Red and 

 Green Snow-Plants which have been described as Confence, and referred 

 to Protococcui. [SNOW, RED.] 



EN'CHODUS, a genus of Fossil Cycloid Fishes, from the Chalk. 

 (Agassiz.) 



ENCRINITES, the name by which the petrified radiated animals 

 commonly called Stone Lilies have been long known in Britain : it is 

 also applied generally to the Crinoidea, a family of Animals belonging 

 to the order Echinodermata. [ECHINODERMATA.] 



Lamarck arranged the genus Encrinus in his fifth order of Polypes 

 (Polypi natantes), fixing its position between Virgularia and Umbellu- 

 laria, and recording but two species, one recent, namely Encrinus 

 Caput-Afedusce (Isis Asleria, Linn.), from the seas of the Antilles ; the 

 other fossil, namely E. liliiformis (Lilium lapideum, Stone-Lily of 

 Ellis and others). 



Cuvier includes the Encrinites among his Pedicillated Echino- 

 derms, considering that they should be placed near the Comatulre; 

 and in the ' Regne Animal ' they are accordingly to be found 

 between the great group of the Star-Fishes and that of the 

 Echinideans. 



De Blainville observes that the beautiful work of Guettard (' Acad. 

 des So.' 1755) upon the living and fossil Encrinites, showed long ago 

 the great relationship which there is between these and the Comatulce, 

 and he remarks upon the arrangement of Lamarck, who followed 

 Linnaeus and his adherents in^placing them among the Zoophytes, 

 notwithstanding Guettard's exposition and Ellis's confirmation. 

 After alluding to Miller's work on the family, and to Mr. Thompson's 

 description of the living specimen found ou the coast of Ireland, De 

 Blainville takes as the basis of his terminology the parts which exist 

 n Comatutce, and, adopting the views of Rosinus, rejects that proposed 

 ay Miller in his interesting memoir, objecting to the terms ' pelvis,' 

 costal,' 'intercostal,' 'scapula,' 'hand,' 'fingers,' &c., as derived from 

 animals of an entirely different type of form, and inapplicable to the 

 radiated structure. 



We find, then, that the ' pelvis ' of Miller is the centro-dorsal joint 

 1' article centro-dorsal) of De Blainville. The 'costal' is the first 

 Dasilary joint of each ray. The ' intercostal ' is the second basilary 

 oint. The ' scapula ' is the third, or that on which the radii are 

 supported. The ' hand ' is the part of the ray which is divided but 

 not separated. The 'fingers' are the digitations or divisions of the 



