541 



ENDOGENS. 



ENDOGENS. 



543 



from every one of them. Thus in Nats, C'awlinia, Zannichdlia, and 

 others which constitute a part of what Professor Schultz names 

 Homorganous Floriferous Plants, the whole organisation of the stem is 

 so imperfect that the endogenous character is lost ; but their true 

 nature is nevertheless sufficiently indicated by their straight veins, 

 monocotyledonous embryo, &c. Again, in Smilax, the common reticu- 

 lated leaves of Exogens are found; but the endogenous stem, the 

 ternary organs of fructification, the embryo and germination of that 

 order, are all good evidences of its real nature ; and so with other 

 cases. Such occurrences are instances of endogenous development 

 tending towards the exogenous, and are usually looked upon as cases 

 of transition from one form to the other perhaps not very correctly. 

 Of this nature are the resemblances between the columnar Cycada- 

 ceous Gymnosperms and Palms, between the livid, feotid, one-sided 

 calyx of Arittolochia, and the equally livid, foetid, one-sided spathe of 

 Araceous Endogens, or, in another point of view, between such 

 lenticular plants as Lemna in Endogens, with the leaves and stems 

 fused as it were together, and similar forms of stem and leaf among 

 Marchantiaceous Acrogens. 



With regard to really intermediate forms of vegetation connecting 

 Endogens with other classes, they are extremely uncommon. One of 

 the most striking is that which occurs between Ranunculacece and 

 Nymph&acea! on the part of Exogens, and Aliamacece and Ilydrocha- 

 racea on that of Endogens ; if Ranunculus lingua, or better R. parnat- 

 rifoliui, is contrasted with Alisma Plantago, or Damaionium, leaving 

 out of consideration subordinate differences, it will be found that 

 there is little of a positive nature to distinguish them except the 

 albuminous dicotyledonous seeds of the former as compared with the 

 exalbuminous monocotyledonous seeds of the latter ; and the resem- 

 blances between Hydropeltis and Hydrocharii in the other case, 

 are so very great that Schultz and others actually refer them to the 

 same class. 



Endogens probably contain more plants contributing to the food of 

 man, and fewer poisonous species in proportion to their whole num- 

 ber, than Exogens. Grasses, with their flowery albumen, form a 

 large portion of this class, to which are to be added Palms yielding 

 fruit, wine, sugar, sago; A racea, M arantacea, some Amaryllidacece, 

 &c., producing arrow-root, the nutritious fruit of the Plantains, the 

 aromatic secretions of Zingiberacea, Orchidacea, forming salep, and 

 Dioicoreacea;, the mothers of Yams. Among the deleterious species we 

 have little worth notice beyond the poisonous mucilage in the bulbs 

 of certain Amaryllidacea, and the acrid secretions of Aracea. 



In these, as in all other large groups, we find the extremes of 

 development so exceedingly far apart, that one would be almost 

 tempted to doubt the possibility of their being mere forms of each 

 other, were it not certain that numerous traces exist in the vegetable 

 kingdom of a frequent tendency tc produce the typical structure of a 

 natural association of whatever kind in both an exaggerated and 

 degraded state, if such figurative terms may be employed in science. 

 For instance, the genus Ficut contains some species creeping on the 

 ground like diminutive herbaceous plants, and others rising into the 

 air to the height of 150 feet, overspreading with the anus of their 

 colossal trunks a sufficient space of ground to protect a multitude of 

 men. The type of organisation in the willow is in like manner repre- 

 sented on the one hand by the tiny Salic herbacea, which can hardly 

 raise iU head above the dwarf moss and saxifrages that surround it ; 

 and on the other by Salix alba, a tree 60 feet high. Then among 

 natural orders we have the Rosaceous structure, exaggerated on the 

 one hand into the arborescent Pomecr, and degraded on the other 

 into the apetalous imperfect Sanguiiorbece ; the Onagraceous type, 

 highly developed in Futhria, and almost obliterated in Haloragetx ; 

 the Urticaceous, in excess in Artocarpnt, and most imperfect in Cera- 

 topkyllum ; Grasses, presenting the most striking differences of per- 

 fection between the moss-like Knappia; and Bamboos 100 feet high ; 

 and the Liliaceous occurs in equally different states of development, 

 when Asparagus is compared with the Dragon-Tree, or an autumnal 

 squill with an arborescent Yucca. So, in like manner, we find at 

 one extreme of the organisation of the class of Endogens, palms, 

 plantains, and arborescent liliaceous plants, and at the other, such 

 submersed plants as Potamogeton, Zannichellia, and Duckweed, the 

 latter of which has not even the distinction of leaf and stem, and 

 bears its flowers, reduced to one carpel and two stamens, without either 

 calyx or corolla therefore at the minimum of reduction, if to remain 

 flowers at all in little chinks in its edges. 



The classification of Endogens is not a subject upon which there is 

 any very great diversity of opinion among botanists ; if the natural 

 orders are sometimes not distinctly limited, they are, upon the whole, 

 grouped much better than those of Exogens ; and although it may be 

 expected, whenever more positive rules for classification than are yet 

 known shall have been discovered, that great changes will be intro- 

 duced into this part of systematic botany, yet we do not contemplate 

 the probability of disturbing the limits of the natural orders them- 

 selves to any considerable extent. 



The system we have followed in this work is that of Dr. Lindley 

 as given in his ' Vegetable Kingdom.' In the arrangement of the 

 Kndogens, in the first place, all those species whose flowers are like 

 Grasses are placed together under the Glumal alliance. They may 

 be justly regarded as the lowest point of structure to which Endogens 



are reduced. Their flowers are made up of scales or bracts, without 

 any attempt at the regularity of arrangement which we find occuring 

 with plants which have a calyx and corolla present. The relation of 

 the Bullrushes (Typhacece) to these is obvious, but their flowers are 

 more regular, and hence they are placed with Aracea in the Aral 

 alliance, and this is followed by the Palms and a small group of water- 

 plants, the Uydrales. These all have the stamens and pistils on 

 separate flowers, those which follow have the stamens and pistils 

 together in the same flower. In the following analysis signs are used 

 for this distinction, thus 3 indicates flowers bearing pistils alone ; 

 $ stamens alone; and <$ bearing both together. indicates the 

 absence of the organ against which it is placed. 



Alliances of Endogens. 



I. GLUMALES. Flowers glumaceous (that is to say, composed of 



bracts not collected in true whorls, but consisting of imbri- 

 cated, colourless, or herbaceous scales). 



Graminacecf. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more distinct (or united) 

 styles. Ovule ascending. Embryo lateral, naked. 



Cyperacece. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more (distinct or) united 

 styles. Ovule erect. Embryo basal. 



Desvauxiacece. Ovary several (sometimes united), with 1 style 

 to each. Ovule pendulous ; glumes only. Stamens 1-2. Anthers 1-celled. 

 Embryo terminal. 



Rettiacece. Ovary 1-2-3-celled, with 2 or 3 styles always. Ovule 

 pendulous; glumes only. Stigmas 2-3. Anthers 1-celled. Embryo 

 terminal. 



Eriocaulacea;. Ovary 2-3-celled, with 1 style to each cell. Ovule 

 pendulous ; a membranous 3-lobed cup within the glumes. Anthers 

 2-celled. Embryo terminal. 



II. Flowers petaloid, or furnished with a true calyx or corolla, or 



with both, or absolutely naked. 3 $ (that is, having sexes 

 altogether in different flowers.) 



ABALES. Flowers naked or consisting of scales, 2 or 3 together, or 

 numerous, and then sessile on a simple naked spadix. Embryo axilu. 

 Albumen mealy or fleshy. (Some have no albumen.) 



Pistiacea. Flowers 2 or 3, of which 1 only is ? . Spadix 0. Ovary 

 1-celled. Ovules erect. Embryo slit. 



Typkaceai. Flowers $ $ , on a naked spadix. Calyx scaly or 

 hairy. Anthers with long filaments. . Ovule solitary, pendulous. 

 Seed adherent to the pericarp. Embryo slit. 



Aracete. Flowers $ $, naked on a solitary spadix covered by a 

 single hooded spathe. Anthers sessile. Seed loose. Embryo slit, 

 axile. 



Pandanaceoe. Flowers $ ? . Naked or scaly, on a spadix covered 

 by many spathes. Anthers stalked. Seeds loose. Embryo solid, 

 minute. 



PALMALES. Flowers perfect (with both calyx and corolla), sessile, 

 on a branched scaly spadix. Embryo vague, solid. Albumen horny 

 or fleshy. (Some Palms are $.) 



Palmaceee. Characters as in the alliance. 



H YDRALES. Flowers perfect or imperfect, usually scattered. Embryo 

 axile, without albumen. Aquatic. Some are $ . 



Uydrocharidacece. Stamens epigynous. Ovary adherent. 



Naiadacece.- Stamens hypogynous. Ovary free. Pollen globose. 



Zosteracea. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary free. Pollen confervoid. 



III. Flowers furnished with a true calyx and corolla, adherent to 



the ovary. 5 . 



NARCISSALES. Flowers symmetrical. Stamens 3 or 6 or more ; all 

 perfect. Seeds with albumen. Flowers unsymmetrical. Some Brome- 

 liacece have a free calyx and corolla. 



Bromdmcetf. Flowers tripetalcideous, 6-leaved, imbricated. Albu- 

 men mealy. 



Tafcacea:. Flowers half tripetaloideous, tubular. Albumen fleshy. 



Iftfmodoraccce. Flowers hexapetaloideous, tubular, scarcely im- 

 bricated. Stamens 3, opposite the petals, or 6 anthers turned 

 inwards. Radicle remote from the hilum, which is naked. 



Jfypoj-idaccce. Flowers hexapetaloideous, much imbricated. Stamens 

 6. Anthers turned inwards. Radicle remote from the hilum, which is 

 often strophiolate. 



AmaryUidacece. Flowers hexapetaloideous, much imbricated. 

 Stamens 6 or more. Anthers turned inwards. Radicle next the 

 hilum. 



Iridacea;. Flowers hexapetaloideous. Stamens 3, opposite the se- 

 pals. Anthers turned outwards. 



AMOMALES. Flowers unsymmetrical. Stamens 1 to 5, some at least 

 of which are petaloid. Seeds with albumen. 



Musacea. Stamens more than 1. Anthers 2-celled. No vitellus. 



Zingibcracea.- Stamen but 1. Anther 2-celled. Embryo in a 

 vitellus. 



Marantacece.- Stamen but 1. Anther 1-celled (halved). No 

 vitellus. 



OBCHIDALES. Stamens 1 to 3. Seeds without albumen. 



Burmanniacece. Flowers regular. Stamens free, perigynous. 



Orchidacea. Flowers irregular, gynandrous. Placenta parietal. 



Apoitaiiacece. Flowers regular, half gynandrous. Placenta axile. 



