C65 



ENTOPHYTA. 



ENTOPHYTA. 



568 



more especially used to designate those cryptogamie plants which 

 grow on the skin or mucous membranes of animals. These will be 

 more particularly referred to here. At the same time it should be 

 observed that a large number of cryptogamie plants are found in the 

 living tissues of other plants, and claim to be regarded as Entophytes 

 in relation to the vegetable kingdom. 



The study of Entophyta has been hi vested with considerable interest, 

 since by the aid of the microscope so many of these plants have been 

 detected accompanying various diseased conditions of the animal body. 

 Although they have been perhaps more carefully investigated in the 

 human body, it has been for a long time a familiar fact that many of 

 the lower animala are attacked by these plants in states of disease. 

 Thus the cultivators of the silk-worm have observed the growth of a 

 species ofBotrytis in the organs of that animal, producing great destruc- 

 tion amongst them, and the occurrence of this fungus is known by the 

 name of Muscardine. [MuscARDlNE.] Caterpillars have been brought 

 to this country from New Zealand, Australia, and China, as curiosities, 

 from the bodies of which a species of CUrtaria or Spharia of consi- 

 derable size IB found to project. A species of Polutei, a kind of wasp, 

 has been observed in the West Indies to be subjected to the attacks 

 of a fungus which appeared on the surface of its body in the form of 

 a growth as large as itself. The common house-fly is often seen in 

 the autumn of the year adhering helplessly to a pane of window-glass 

 from the growth of a fungus on its body, which has not been free 

 from the suspicion of producing even so formidable a disease as 

 cholera. Gold-fish, when kept in confinement, as well as water-sala- 

 manders and sticklebacks, have been observed to be covered with a 

 fungus (Achlya prolifera) before death. 



These facts, and many others, have from time to time attracted atten- 

 tion, which, having been followed up by diligent observations with the 

 microscope, have led to the discovery of a very large class of vegetable 

 bodies taking up their ordinary residence within or upon animal 

 surfaces. 



A question has been raised as to whether these plants are the 

 natural products of the bodies on which they are found, as other 

 plants are of the soil in which they grow, or are introduced from 

 some foreign and extraneous source. From the observations that 

 have been made up to the present time, it appears that these plants 

 are truly in their natural positions in the localities in which they are 

 found, and that they only multiply or become sources of disease when 

 the bodies on which they grow get into a disordered state. In the 

 same manner the ova of animalcules seem constantly present in the 

 air and water, only awaiting the proper combination of circumstances 

 to be developed in prodigious numbers. The circumstances which 

 predispose to the growth of these Entophytes upon the body, are not 

 better known than those which predispose the body to receive certain 

 contagions. A failure of the ordinary vital powers to carry on the 

 healthy processes of life seem ordinarily to be the inviting cause of 

 such a development of these plants as would constitute a disease. 



All the observations that have been made on this important subject 

 have been brought together by M. Robin in his work on the ' Natural 

 History of the Parasitic Vegetables which Grow on Man and on 

 Living Animals ' (Paris, 1853). The following is a classification of 

 these plant* : 



I. AXOJS. 

 Class ftocarpea. 

 Sub-Class I. DUitomece. 



Genus Psorotpermia, 11 species. 

 Sub-Class II. Malacophycea. 

 Tribe Gymnoipermece. 

 Order I. Eremotpermete. 

 Sub-Order I. Mycophycece. 

 Family Cryptococcea;. 



Genus Cryptococcut, 2 species. 

 Tribe Palmellea. 



Genus Meritmopadia rmtricvli. [SAIICINA.] 

 Family Leptothriccce. 



Genus LcptothrLt, 2 species. 

 Genus Cladophytum comatum. 

 Genus Arthrumitm, 2 species. 

 Tribe Leptomitea. 



Genus Leptomitwi, 6 species. 

 Genus Mouliniea, 3 species. 

 ' Tribe Laprolcgniece. 



Genus Saprolegnia ferax. 

 Genus Entcrobrytu, 4 species. 

 Genus Eccrina, 2 species. 

 Sub-Order III. TUoblaateae. 

 Family Oscillariea. 

 Genus Oscillaria. 

 Genus Zyfjtiaema cruciatum. 

 Order II. Cryptonpermecc. 

 Family C'hietuphorete. 



Genus C'htttopkora meteorica. 



Division I. Arlhrofporci. 

 Tribe Torulacei. 



II. FuNcr. 



Genus Trichophyton, 3 species. 

 Genus Microsporon, 3 species. 

 Genus Sporendonema musca. 

 Tribe Oidiei. 



Genus Achorion Schcenleinii, 

 Genus itidium, 3 species. 

 Tribe Aspergillei. 



Genus Aspergillus, 8 species, 

 Division II. Trichosporei. 

 Tribe Oxycladei. 



Genus Dactylium oogemim, 

 Genus Botrytis Bassiana. 

 Tribe Sporotrichei. 



Genus Sporotrichum. 

 Tribe Isariei. 



Genus Isaria, 12 species. 

 Division III. Cystoporei. 

 Tribe Columcllati. 

 Section Ascophorei. 



Genus Mucor Mucedo. 

 Division IV. Chirosporei. 

 Tribe Coniopiidei. 

 Section Phragmidiei. 



Genus Puccinia fai'i. 

 Sub-Division Endodivei. 

 Section Spheronomei. 



Genus Laboulbenia, 2 species. 

 Tribe Sarmpridei. 



Genus Stttbum Buquetii. 

 Division V. Thecasporei. 

 Tribe Sphasriacei. 



Genus Spiusria, 8 species. 

 Genus Kentrosporium,, 2 species. 



The following is a list of the distribution of the species of the 

 above genera in the various localities of the animal .body. 



I. Man and the Mammalia. 



A. The Skin. 



Trichophyton tonsuram. Malmsten. (On Hairs.) 

 T. sporuloides. Ch. Robin. 

 T. ulcerum. Ch. Robin. (On Ulcerated Skin.) 

 Microsporon A udouini. Gruby. (Hair Follicles.) 

 M. mcntagrophytes. Ch. Robin. (Roots of the Hair.) 

 M. furfur. Ch. Robin. (Skin.) 

 Mucor mucedo. Linnaeus. 



Achorion Schcmleinii. Remak. (The Hair and the Hail- 

 Follicles.) 



Aipergilli species. Pacini et Meyer. (Auditory Passage.) 

 Puccinia favi. Ardstcn. 



B. On the Mucous Membrane. 



Cryptococciu cereviaia;. Kutzing. (Intestines.) 



C. guttidatus. Ch. Robin. (Rabbit.) 



Merirmopcedia ventrictili. Ch. Robin. [SABCINA.] 



Leptothrix buccalis. Ch. Robin. [SABCINA.] 



Oscillaire (!) of the Intestines. Farre. 



Leplomit-u* urophilva. Mont. (Bladder.) 



Leptomitua of Hannover. Ch. Robin. (Pharynx and 



(Esophagus.) 



Leptomitm of the Epidermis. 

 Leptomitui of the Uterus. 

 Leptomitus of Uterine Mucus. 

 Leptomitm of the Eye. 

 Oidium albicans. Ch. Robin. (In Thrush.) 

 Fungus of the Lungs. Bennett. [OiniUM.J 

 Fungus of the Nasal Mucus. 



II. Birds. 



A. Of the Respiratory Organs. 



AspergMtui candidtu, Michele. (The Air-Cells and the 



Lungs.) 



A. glaucu. Fries. 



A. nigrescent. Ch. Robin. [MOULD.] 

 A. Strix nyctea. J. Mttller and Retzius. 

 Mouldiness of the Lungs of the Jackdaw. Meyer. 



B. The Eggs. 



Dactylium oogenum. Montague. 



Sporotrichum (Nematogonum) brunneum. Schenk. 



III. Reptiles. 



A. The Eggs, 



IV. Batrachians. 



A. The Skin. Saprolegnia fera.r. Kutzing (Achlya, Nees von 

 Esenbeck). [ACHLYA.] 



V. Fishes. 



A. The Skin. 



Zygnema cruciatum. Agardh. 



Chcetophora (Tremella) meteorica. Ehrenberg. 



Saprolegnia ferax. Kutzing. 



Trichotraunia dermale. E. Germain of St. Pierre. 



Conferva! of Gold-Fish. Bennett. 



