741 



FARINA. 



FELID^E. 



Order, as in the larger orders, Umbdliferce, Leyuminosce, Composite, 

 Crucifera;, &c. More recently, Dr. Lindley has endeavoured to give a 

 single English word to express each natural tribe or order : thus, 

 Jfagnoliacece are called Magnoliads ; Scrophulariacece, Figworts ; 

 Oaliacece, Stellates. We have added these names after each order in 

 the ' English Cyclopaedia." 



The following plan will give an idea of the relative value of terms 

 used in the subdivisions of Plants : 

 Class. 

 Sub-Class. 

 Group. 

 Alliance. 



Order, or Family. 



Sub-Order, or Sub-Family. 

 Tribe. 



Sub-Tribe. 

 Division. 

 Sob-Division. 

 Genus. 



Sub-Genus, or Section. 

 Species. 



Variety. 



The divisions, groups, and alliances between the sub-class and order 

 are adopted by Lindley in his Natural System, and frequently occur 

 in this work. It is only a few orders, such as Composita, that require 

 the subordinate divisions above, and only the larger genera require to 

 be divided into sub-genera. 

 FARINA. [STARCH.] 



FASCICLE, in Botany, is, strictly speaking, that kind of inflores- 

 cence in which the flowers are arranged in a flat-headed raceme or 

 corymb, and begin to expand in the centre sooner than at the circum- 

 ference. The term is however constantly applied to any collection of 

 flowers or leaves in clusters at the end or on the sides of a branch : 

 thus, the leaves of the larch are called fasciculate. 

 FASCIOLA, a name given to various forms of Trematode Worms. 



[EUTOZOA.] 



FASSAITE. [PYROXENE.] 



FAT. This substance varies in properties according to the animals 

 producing it. In all cases however it is composed of three different 

 kinds, which differ as to their malting point : these are termed Olein, 

 or Elain, Stearin, and Margarin. It is not however to be considered 

 that the substances to which these names are given are in all cases 

 absolutely identical; they vary as to smell, taste, solubility in alcohol, 

 Ac. ; but all fats agree hi being insoluble in water, and in not contain- 

 ing any azote, which is a common constituent of most other animal 

 matter. Olein, Stearin, and Margarin are composed of acids called 

 oleic, stearic, and margaric acids, combined with a base called Glycerine. 

 Glycerine is the oxide of a compound radicle called Lipyle. [ADIPOSE 

 TISSUE.] 



Human Fat varies a little according to the part of the body producing 

 it : that from the region of the kidneys, after it has been melted, is 

 yellowish and inodorous ; it begins to concrete at 76 Fahr., and is 

 solid at 64 ; it dissolves in forty times its weight of alcohol of 0-821 

 when boiling, and on cooling stearin is deposited, which, after pressure 

 in bibulous paper at 78, is colourless, fusible at 1 22, and may be 

 cooled to 106 before it begins to congeal ; its temperature, on account 

 of the evolution of latent heat, then rises to 120 : 21 '5 parts of this 

 stearin are soluble in 100 parts of boiling anhydrous alcohol, the 

 greater part of which separates in acicular crystals on cooling. 



The Olein of human fat is a colourless oily sweetish fluid, and 

 remains so at 40" ; at 60 its specific gravity is 0'913 ; 123 parts of 

 this Olein are soluble in 100 parts of boiling alcohol ; on cooling to 

 170 the solution becomes turbid. 



Ox Fat. When this has been fused it begins to solidify at 98, and 

 the temperature then rises, for a reason already mentioned, to 102. 

 Forty parts of boiling alcohol, of specific gravity 0'821, dissolve one 

 part of it ; and it contains about three-fourths of its weight of stearin, 

 which is solid, hard, colourless, not greasy, and of a granular crystal- 

 line texture ; it fuses at about 112, and may then be cooled to 102, 

 when, on congealing, it rises to 112. It burns like white wax. Of 

 this stearin about 15 '5 parts are dissolved by 100 parts of anhydrous 

 alcohol. 



The Olein of ox fat is colourless, nearly inodorous, and its specific 

 gravity is 0'913 : boiling alcohol dissolves nearly one-fourth more than 

 its weight. 



Sheep's Fat (or Mutton Suet) greatly resembles that of the ox ; it 

 is however whiter, and by exposure to the air acquires a peculiar 

 odour. After fusion it congeals at a temperature varying between 

 98" and 102 ; it dissolves in 44 parts of alcohol of specific gravity 

 0-821. The Stearin is white, translucent, and after fusion but imper- 

 fectly crystalline ; about 16 parts are dissolved by 100 parts of boiling 

 anhydrous alcohol. The Olein of mutton suet is colourless ; its specific 

 gravity is 0'913; and 80 parts of it are dissolved by 100 parts of 

 anhydrous alcohol at 168. 



Hog's Fat, or Hog's Lard, is a soft colourless solid, which fuses 

 between 78 and 86 ; its specific gravity at 60 is 0'938. By powerful 

 an. I long-continued pressure at 42, between folds of blotting-paper, it 

 is stated to yield '62 its weight of colourless olein, of specific gravity 



0-915 ; of this, 100 of boiling alcohol dissolve 123 parts. The Stearin 

 of hog's lard is inodorous, solid, and granular, which, after fusion, 

 remains liquid down to 100, and then, on congealing, the temperature 

 rises to 109. It becomes acid by exposure to the air. 



Goat's Fat contains a peculiar fat, termed Hircin by Chevreul, and 

 to the presence of this its peculiar odour is owing, and which remains 

 to a great degree with the olein when this is separated from the 

 stearin : by particular management this fat yields hircic acid. 



The Fat of Birds. Goose Fat is colourless, and of a peculiar taste 

 and smell ; after fusion it congeals at 80 into a soft solid of the con- 

 sistence of butter. When subjected in bibulous paper to pressure at 

 30, 100 parts are separable into 68 of olein and 32 of stearin, fusible 

 at 112. The Fat of Ducks fuses at 76, and yields 72 olein and 28 

 stearin, fusible at 120. Turkey's Fat is separable into 74 oleiu and 

 26 stearin, fusible at 112. [OILS; ADIPOSE TISSUE.] 



FATHER-LASHER. [COTTUS.] 



FAUJASITE, a Mineral, consisting of a hydrous silicate of alumina, 

 with lime and soda. It occurs crystallised in the form of an octohedron 

 with a square base. Its colour is white, sometimes brown. Fracture 

 vitreous or uneven. Fragile. Lustre brilliant. It is so hard as to 

 scratch glass. It is found with Augite at Kaisarstuhls in. Breisgau. 

 Analysis, by Damour : 



Silica . 

 Alumina . 

 Lime . 

 Soda 

 Water . 



49-36 



16-77 



5-00 



4-34 



22-49 



-97-96 



FAULT. [COAL-FORMATION ; GEOLOGY.] 



FAUNA, a term employed by naturalists to express the whole of 

 the members of the animal kingdom living in a particular district 

 or at a particular time. Thus all the animals living in Great Britain 

 constitute the British Fauna. Those inhabiting the land form the 

 Terrestrial Fauna; those found in the seas constitute the Marine 

 Fauna. It is often applied collectively to all the animals of the 

 world, the extinct species constituting the Fossil Fauna, and the 

 living species the Recent Fauna of the world. The word is derived 

 from the Fauni, who were supposed to be the patrons of wild 

 animals. 



The word Flora is also applied in the same way, to comprehend 

 the whole of the plants of a district, and admits of the same appli- 

 cations as the term Fauna. It is derived from Flora, the goddess of 

 flowers. [FLORA.] 



FAUVETTE. [SYLVIAD.E.] 



FAVASTR^EA. [MADREPHYLLIOZA.] 



FAVOSI'TES, a genus of Fossil Zoophyta, common in the Silurian 

 strata of Norway and Wales. (Murchison, ' Sil. System.') 



FAVULA'RIA, a generic title of certain Fossil Plants allied to 

 Fiyillaria, as P. tessellata, from the Coal-Formation. (Stemberg.) 

 [COAL-PLANTS.] 



FEATHER-ALUM, a hydrous sulphate of alumina, not mixed 

 with any other sulphate. It occurs more frequently than the true 

 Alums, which are double salts. 



FEATHER-GRASS. [STIPA.] 



FEATHER-ORE, a Mineral, consisting of sulphuret of antimony 

 and lead. It occurs in fine capillary crystallisations like a cobweb. 

 Its colour is dark lead-gray. It is found in the Eastern Harz. Its 

 composition is 



Antimony 



Lead 



Sulphur 



31 



47 

 20 

 98 



FEATHERS. [BIRDS.] 



FECULA, or F^ECULA. [STARCH.] 



FECUNDATION. [REPRODUCTION.] 



FEDIA. [VALERIANELLA.] 



FEELING. [NERVOUS SYSTEM; TOUCH.] 



FE'LID^E, or FELINA, a Family of the Cat kind, of the order 

 Camivora, in which the organs of destruction reach their highest 

 development. They are, among the quadrupeds, what the Falconidce 

 are among the Birds. Sometimes this family is made to include the 

 Dogs, Hyaenas, Wolves, and smaller Carnivcrra. We shall confine 

 ourselves here to the members of the tribe Felina of Dr. J. E. Gray, 

 comprising the Cats, Lions, Tigers, Leopards, and Lynxes. 



The principal instruments of the destructive energy of these 

 animals are the teeth and claws. 



The dental formula then in these animals is the following : 



Incisors, ; canines, ; molars, = 30. 



'6 11 33 



The formation of these teeth is beautifully shown in four prepara- 

 tions in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. 

 No. 329 is the anterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of 

 a young lion, exhibiting the teeth, together with the gums in which 

 they are imbedded, and the border of soft parts, or lip, with which 

 they are surrounded. No. 330 is the anterior part of the upper jaw 

 of a young lion injected, in which the body of the second or 



