- 





rnrir. 



outer the more flehy and juicy Stone Berries (Dru)iei); or the 

 reverae True Berries (Bitocn) ; or, lastly, nil the layer* p|>ejir thin 

 nn.l dry, or leathery (Aclucnia). All these forma may, with the 

 gennen from which they arise, be superior or inferior, one- or many- 

 cell.-d, or one- or many-seeded : which only require to be noticed \\ li u 

 deviation* in the structure of the geraien have arisen through abortion, 

 being otherwise self evi . 



a. The Capsular Fruits occur in the uiot diverse families. The 

 mode of bunting (Dehisoenoe) is especially to be observed. The 

 simplest process is an apparent wholly irregular tearing open at any 

 place, as in .Viecratf ra : usually however the form of this ikhiscence is 

 very regular, even though it may be confined to a small part of the 

 fruit, as in Paparer, AiitiiT/iiiiiim, Ac. 



The solution of continuity U cither vertical or horizontal : in the 

 latter case, the upper port forms a kind of cover upon the under, and 

 the capsule is termed circumscUsile. In the first case, the pericarp, 

 &c. falls away in more or fewer separate pieces, which are termed 

 valves. In many-celled fruits the valves may separate entirely from 

 the persistent septa, aa in Cobaa tcantlem (dehiscentia septifraga) ; or 

 the septa may split into two lamella;, and each valve may bear one of 

 these lamella) on each of its margins (dehiscentia septicida, valvulic 

 margine septifenc) ; or the septa may remain undivided, adherent to 

 the mill lie of the valves (dehiscentia loculicida, valvuhc tnedio septi- 

 fenr). If in any of these kinds of dehiscence a sUlk-like mass of 

 cellular tissue remains standing in the axis of the fruit, it is called 

 the Columello. 



From what has been said, it is sufficiently evident that these 

 solutions in the continuity are not at all dependent upon the original 

 composition. Such a relation has been assumed ; and to the Hue in the 

 external circumference of the pericarp, where the edges of real or 

 pretended carpels have become blended, the term 'doraal suture,' 

 has been applied, while the term ' ventral suture ' designates merely 

 the line where the margins of one and the same carpel or similar 

 part have become blended. 



In the generality of capsular fruits, the above-mentioned four 

 layers of the pericarp may be distinguished from each other; but 

 they are usually very thin and membranous or leathery, or more 

 rarely woody. 



o. The Schizocarps, or Splitting Fruits, are usually distinguished 

 chiefly according to the direction in which the cleft occurs. This is 

 either parallel with the axis of the fruit, or perpendicular to it, that 

 is, the solution of continuity is either vertical or transverse. In 

 both, the separate parts are usually only one-seeded. In the first 

 case the separate parts are sometimes named Cocci or Mericarps, in 

 the last case Joints or Articulations ; and they are distinguished, 

 according to the texture of their layers, us dry, coriaceous, and succu- 

 lent. The first (the mericarpa) are proper to the families Ritbittcer, 

 pkorbiaee<r, Labiata, Horaginacea, Gtraniacetr, Tropieolacea, 

 Maltaeta, L'utbellifercr, 4c., &c. ; the last (the joints) to some of the 

 LcyuminijurimA Crvcifcra. In the first a columella is not uncommon. 



c. The Stone-Berries, characteristic of the AtnygdaUtt, but also 

 presented in other families, owe their peculiarity to the remarkable 

 diversity in the structure of their layers, and indeed of the paren- 

 chyma layers, the inner of which are always hard, and often woody; 

 whilst the outer are fleshy or coriaceous : both are developed in a 

 greater thickness than usual 



(/. The True Berries, predominating in the families of Orottulariacta, 

 Pauijtoracca, Cucurbilacttr, and the Aractte, and occurring occa- 

 sionally in many other families, depend essentially on the fleshy or 

 juicy texture of the inner layers of the pericarp : this condition often 

 exists to the extent of a dissolution into single cells, tumid with 

 fluid, whilst the external layers are solid, and sometimes even woody, 

 as in Layenaria. 



e. The Acluonia, with always thin dry layers, not usually distin- 

 guishable, characterise the families of the Onuses, Cyperacctt, C'upuli- 

 ferir, Comjxuilir, and Dipntett, predominate in the Dryaeta and 

 Jtanuneiilaeea, and occur singly in other cases. They arc one-celled 

 and one-seeded, generally originally, but sometimes, as in the 

 Cu),ulifcnr, through abortion of cells and seed-buds. 



With regard to the Spermophore it may be remarked, that in the 

 dehiAcenoe of the fruit portions of cellular tissue are separated from 

 tho valves or septa, to which the seeds remain suspended, and which 

 have been termed Spermophores. In these separations sometimes 

 actually independent organs become solved from their union with 

 others, as in Cruci/era, and sometimes merely pieces of independent 

 organs become detached, as in the Aidrpadacetr. 



The I'ulp in the fruit assumes two conditions ; on the one hand it 

 passes into the loose cellular tissue of the pericarp in the true berries, 

 as in iSofanum ; and on the other into the subsequent products of the 

 funiculus; namely, into the aril in its widest sense, as in Arum, and 

 probably into the true aril, as in Uilm. 



The Funiculus exhibits manifold varieties, such as hairs, warty 

 expansions among the seeds, membranous, continuous, or lobed enve- 

 lopes of the seed (arils), and so forth. 



There are often parts external to the germen, which are persistent 

 till after the maturation of the seed [Ssio], and they often undergo 

 many changes ; and when they become fleshy they assume the appear- 

 ance of fruits. They are called Spurious Fruits. The most remarkable 



example of this is seen in the case of the fruit of the Fig (/';), in 

 which the peduncle or receptacle swells up and incloses the true fruits. 

 The pedicel in //., ..i -hUcit also swells up and assumes the form of 

 a fruit. In the Pine-Apples (XiKuuum) the bracts enlarge and become 

 the part eaten. In the Mulberry (Moriu) the perianth is tin- fleshy 

 part ; in the Bladder-Campion (1'ncitljaliu baccifcr) tho calyx enlarges ; 

 in Mirabilii it is the corolla ; and the hips of the Rose (Rota) are the 

 dilated disc, whilst in the Strawberry (Prayaria.) the sweet juicy part 

 U the receptacle. 



The terms applied to the fruits of plants by botanists are very 

 numerous. The same kind of fruit has frequently several names, 

 whilst the same name has been applied to several different kinds of 

 fruits. The following enumeration of some of these terms is | 

 by Schleiden in his ' Principles of Scientific Botany,' whose remarks 

 on this subject deserve careful attention from those interested in the 

 further development of this subject : 



Enumeration of the Various Forms of Fruit 



I. Seed naked (Semm nudum). 

 A. Seed solitary. 



1. Bacea. Seed inferior. Ex. Vitcum. 



2. S/Jialtrocarpium. Seed with a fleshy aril. Ex. Taxut. 

 /.'. Fructifications. 



8. btrobUut. Spikes with woody spermophores. Ex. /'iniu. 

 4. llaUnihu. Capitula with confluent fleshy bracts. Ex. 



II. Simple Fruits (Fruelut simpler). 



A. Capsule (Captula). 



t Superior. 



5. Captula circuuucitid. 

 0. Ulricului, Gartner, No. 5. One-celled, originating from a 



carpel ; few-seeded. Ex. Chtnopwlium. 



7. Pyxidium, No. 5. One- or many-celled, formed of several 



carpels; many-seeded. Ex. Hyotcyamn*. 



8. Follicvlia. One-celled, or ninny-celled, one-valved. Seeds 



on the two margins of the valve. Ex. Pmniit. 



9. Conceptatula. Two disunited fvlliculi with one separating 



spermophore. Ex. Atclepiai. 



10. Ltyumen. One-celled, 1 -seeded, or many -seeded, two-valved. 



Seeds on the two borders of one fissure. Ex. 1'isum. 



11. Siliqna. Two-celled, two-valved, separating from tii 



persistent spcrmophore, forming a Septum (Re t 

 Ex. .Vatlhiola. 



12. Silicula. A very short Siliqua. Ex. Thlapti. 



18. Ceratium. A Sili-iua in some Famariacm and Paparcracca. 



14. Rlttyma, Elastically two-valved (?), dehiscing from a Cvlu- 



mclla. Ex. Euphorbia. 



15. Capiula. One-celled or many-celled, many-seeded, dehisc- 



ing by valves or pores, Primula, Antirrhinum. 

 ft Inferior. 



16. Diplotegia, Desvanx. Inferior capsule, dehiscing by pores. 



Ex. Campanula. 



B. Splitting Fruits (Schizocarpium). 



17. Cretaocarpium (?). In Umbdlifcra, Rubiatea. 



a. Mericarpia. The separate parts of the Schitocarpium. 



18. Carcerulut. In Tropaiolacar, Malvacccc. 



19. Ackanium. In Borayinacece, Lamiacctr. 



C. Stone Fruits (Drupa). 



20. Di-upa. Originally one-celled, l-seeded,2-seeded. The Mao- 



c i r/;/ urn fleshy, tho L'ndocarpium woody. Ex. Amyy- 

 daltu. 



21. Tryma, (imagined to be) one-celled by suppression in 



Juglani. 



D. Berry (Bacca). 



22. Baeca. Many-celled, inferior. Ex. Kibrt. 



23. XuculdniHm. Many-celled, superior. Ex. Vilii. 



24. Ptpo. One-celled, inferior. Kx. / 



25. Hetpiridium. Coriaceous portion, strictly separated from 



the pulp. Ex. Citrui. 

 20. A mphiiarca. Woody toward the exterior. Ex. Cracentla. 



E. Cloaed Fruit (Achmium). 



27. Aclurnium (Auftarmn), Cypteta (I.indley). One-celled, 



one-seeded, not blended with the seed. Ex. Compotitir. 



28. (jtant. Through abortion one-celled, one-seeded. Ex. 



Corylut. 



29. C'aryopiii. One-celled, one-seeded (imagined to be) blende 1 



with the seed. Ex. the Grasses. 

 80. Samara. Two-celled, winged. Ex. Acer. 

 31. Carcerulut. Many-culled, not winged. Ex. Tilia. 



III. Multiple Fruits (Pructva multiplr.r). 

 A. Several Achtcnia. 



82. Etrtrio. If wholly free. Ex. Ranunculi!*. 

 88. Sipiearpiiim. If connected. Ex. Magnolia. 

 li. Several Berries. 



84. Ettrrio. Connected. Ex. Rabni. 



IV. Fructification* (Fritrttu WMfWlAw). 



A. Capilula. With H flat or cup-shaped fleshy peduncle.. 

 ' I: , /Vein, Vanteaia. 



