tor 



FUNOIA. 



OALANOA. 



Sporidia contained (generally eight together) \Atcomyctttt, 

 in AwL / 



or 



Spore* surrounded by a vesicular veil or Sporan- \ Pkytomyeeta, or 

 gium. Thallus floocow. / ilucoracea. 



(Fries, SyHema iffnlogicum ; Oreville, Cryptogamic flora; Neutt 

 Fi/tlrm dtr Pil:t ; Corda, Inmt ; Endlicher, Oentra Plantarum ; 

 Hooker, BritiA flora ; Howerby, Ftuiyi ; Itullinrd, Ftgurwi of Funyi ; 

 I.iudley, VegttaMt Kingdom ; Ilerkuley, I'aptn in Annul to}' Natural 

 I/itlory.) 



KrXGIA. [MADBEPHrtLKEAj 



KritXAiurs. [CEKTIIIADJE.J 



KI'ltXK. [I'l.KX.] 



FUSTIC. This name appears to bo derived from Fustet, the 

 French name of a yellow dye-wood, the produce of Venetian sumach. 

 A wood similar in colour and uses, but larger in size, having been [ 

 subsequently imported from the New World, had the same nam* 

 applied to it with the addition of Old, while the other, being smaller, 

 is called Young Fustic ; but these, so far from being the produce of 

 the same tree at different ages, do not even belong to the same genus. 



Young Fustic, or as it is sometimes called /ante Fustic, is the I 

 produce of Rhm Cotiniu (Anacardiacctr), a native of Italy, the south 

 of France, and of Greece ; much of it is exported from I'atras in the 

 Morea; and it also extends into Asia. It is supposed to be the 

 Culinut of Pliny, being still called Scotino near Valcimara, in the 

 Apennines, where it is cultivated on account of its uses in tanning. 

 The root and the wood of this shrub arc both imported, deprived of 

 their bark, and employed for dyeing a yellow colour approaching to 

 orange, upon wool or cottons, prepared either with alum or the nitro- 

 muriate of tin with the addition of tartar. The colour is a beautiful 

 bright yellow, and permanent when proper mordants are employed. 

 Only small quantities of this kind of Fustic are imported. 



Dr. Sibthorp was of opinion that Khamniu infectoria, or K, oleoida, 

 of which the berries are called French and Persian Berries, yielded 

 the Fustic of commerce, and informs us that its yellow wood is 

 called by the Greeks ' chrysoxylon.' He also thought that it was 

 the I.yfium of Dioscorides, but this has been shown by Dr. Itoyle to 



be a specie* of Bcrberii, of which genus all the specie* have yellow 

 wood. 



Old Fustic, the ' Bois Jaune ' of the French, is on the contrary the 

 produce of a large tree, Moriu tinctorta, the Dyer's Mulberry, of the 

 natural family of I'rticacca, a native of Tropical America ami the 

 West India Islands. The tree attains a height of 60 feet; the wood 

 is yellow-coloured, hard, ami strong, but easily splintered, ami i* 

 imported in the form of large logs or block*. The yellow colour 

 which it affords with an aluminous boe, though durable, is not very 

 bright M. Ch:ipt:il discovered that glue, by precipitating its tannin, 

 enabled its decoctions to die yellow almost a* bright as those of 

 weld and quercitron bark. The Fustic from Cuba is preferred, and 

 fetches the highest price, varying from 8/. to 9/. 10*., while that from 

 Jamaica or Columbia varies from &l. 10. to 6t 10*. per ton. The 

 tree is figured by Sloane, and noticed by Marcgrave and Piso. Browne 

 describes it as a native of Jamaica, and deserving the attention of 

 planters, as it is only propagated by birds, who are fond of its sweet 

 roundish fruit. 



The several countries from which Fustic was imported, and the 

 respective quantities received from each, were in 1S36 



Italy and the Italian Islands 

 Ionian Islands .... 

 Morea and Greek Islands 

 British North American colonies 

 British West Indies 

 United States of America 

 Mexico .... 



Columbia 



Brazil 



Total . 



Tons. 

 4 



n 



18 

 108 



2053 

 SM 



172 



4917 



In 1850 the quantity imported into Liverpool was 9808 tons, of 

 this 1771 tons were re-exported. 



(Sinimonds, The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom.) 

 FUSUS. [SlPDONOSTOUATA.] 



/-IAD-FLY. [Bois; 



r GAUID^J, a family of Fishes, generally arranged as the first of 

 the lub-brachiate division of the Malacopterygii. This family 

 embrace* the whole of the species of the Linnicau genus Gadut. 

 They are eajily known by the position of the ventral fins under the 

 throat, and tho pointed character of these fins. The body is rather 

 long, a little compressed, and covered with small soft scales. The 

 head is well-proportioned and naked. All their fins are soft The 

 jaws and front of the vomer have unequal pointed teeth of middle 

 or small size, and disposed in several rows like a card or rasp. Tho 

 gill-covers are large, and they have seven rays. Most of the species 

 have the dorsal fin contained in two or three bundles ; they have 

 also fins behind the vent, and a distinct caudal fin. The stomach is 

 large, and the intestine long. The air-bladder is large and strong, and 

 in some coxes notched on the margins. 



The greater number of the species of Gadidtt live in the cold or 

 temperate seas, and furnish the greater portion of the fish obtained 

 in the fisheries of Europe and America. The flesh of most of the 

 specie* is white, easily separable into flakes, is agreeable to the taste, 

 and easy of digestion. They are probably more useful to man than 

 any other family of fishes. Their reproductive powers are very 

 great, and the numbers in which they exist in some part* of the ocean 

 is perfectly incalculable. 



A detailed account of these fish is given under their generic names. 

 Tl- following are tho British specie* of this genus as given in the 

 ' liritixh Museum Catalogue ' : 



I. Morrhua. [MoRRBOA.] 



1. Morrliua C'aUariai, Common Cod. 



2. M. Jiylrfinu,, Hnddock. 



3. ./. liuca. Bib and Pout 



4. M. intnuia, Poor. 



G 



I 



II. Mcrlangut. 



1. Mrrlunytu rulijarin, Whiting. 



2. M. atltui, Couch's Whiting. 



3. M. carbonaritu, Coal-Fish. 



4. M. Potlachitu, Pollack. 



III. Merluciut. IMEBLCCIUS.] 



1. Ma-luciut vulyani, Common Hake. 



IV. Lola, [Lor A.] 



1. I*ta molra, Lin:.'. 



2. L. rul'jarii, Burbot. 



V. Motclla. [MOTEF.T.A.] 



1. Motella tricirraia, Three-Bearded Hock-Ling. 



2. M. cimliria, Four-Bearded Bock-Ling. 



0. .'/. m nutria, Kive-Beardcd Rock-Ling. 

 4. M. aryenteola, Silvery Gade. 



VI. Jirotmivi. [BROSMIUS,] 



1. Brosmiiu Brotme, Torsk. 



VII. Phycii. [Pnvcw.] 



1. Phycii bifiifcuK, Forked Hake. 



VI It. Itaniceps. [HANK-HI'S.] 

 1. Ranicept fatcuf, Trifurcated Hake. 



The genus Srotula in found in the West Indian Seaa, and /,.,/- 

 dolepriu in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Seas. 



GADOLINITE, a Mineral, containing Yttrium. [PVROCHI.OKE ; 

 YrruiuM.] 



GADWALL. [DUCKS.] 



GA'GEA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceie, 

 and the tribe Atphotltlnr. It has a perianth of nix patent leaves, 

 the stamen adhering to the base of the perianth ; the anthers erect, 

 attached l>y their bases. The flowers of the species are corymbose 

 or umbellate. 



<'. lutea (the Oi-nilho'jnlum luteum of many botanists) has the 

 radical leave* usually solitary, linear-lanceolate, flat ; the bracts two, 

 opposite ; the peduncles umbellate, simple, glabrous ; the segments 

 of the perianth oblong, obtuse; the bulb ovate, solitary. The stem 

 of this plant U about 6 inches high, and shorter than the leaves. 

 It* flowers are yellow. It is a native of England and Scotland in 

 woods, but is a rare plant It is a native of Europe, and is found on 

 the Alps in Switzerland. Koch describes 10 species of this genus as 

 natives of Germany and Switzerland. 



(Babington, Manual of Brtiiih Jiotany ; Koch, Flora Germanica.) 



GAHNITE, a Mineral, also called Automolite. It is a variety of 

 Vine/, containing 34'8 per cent of oxide of zinc. It has a dark 

 green or black colour. Its hardness is 7 '5 to 8, and specific gravity 

 I -'!. It is infusible alone, and nearly so with borax. With soda it 

 forms at first a dark scoria, ami when fused again with more soda, a 

 ring of oxide of zinc on tho charcoal. 



< i. \LAOO. [LKMI HII..K.J 



(-JALANGA, or QALANGAL, is usually mipposed to have been 

 introduced by the Arabs, but it was previously mentioned )>y .Ktm+. 

 The Arab* call it Kholingan, which appears to be derived from the 

 Hindoo Koolinjan, or Sanscrit Koolunjuna, indicating the country 



