II 



OALAXAURA. 



GALEOPITHECTJS. 



11 



A Third joint of the external jaw-feet much longer than the 

 second. 



G. tquamifcra. It is found on the coaita of England and France. 







Specie* whose external jaw-feet have no den Illation on the internal 

 edge of their second joint 



G. Momodon. It inhabit* the coasts of Chili. 



U. ttcta, a new specie! described by Dr. Embletou, in found on the 

 EngUmh and Iriah coacte. 



Grimolkta. Differing but little from Galathea, and hardly sufficiently 

 distinct for separation. General form of both essentially the same, 

 but the basilary joint of their internal antenna; is clavifonn and 

 hanlly dentated at its extremity, and the external jaw-feet are very 

 long, and have their three last joints enlarged and foliaceotu. (Milne- 

 Ed wards). 



M. Milne-Edwards observes that the crustacean figured by M. 

 ( iueriu under the name of Orimotbee Sociale (' Voyage of La Coquille : ' 

 Crust., pL 3, fig. 1) differs from (j. greyaria in the form of the caudal 

 fin, the middle lamina of which is lees than the lateral ones. M. 

 Edwards proposes therefore to name it Grimothea Duperreii, in honour 

 of the navigator whose voyage made the species known. 



OALAXAURA. [PSEUDOZOAHIA.] 



GALBA. [ELATEKlDJi] 



GA'LBANUM. Though the drug known by this name ia one of 

 those which have been the longest known, the plant which yields it 

 still remains undetermined, though it is stated by old writers to be a 

 native of Syria. The Greek name Chdlbane (xaA/Sojij) is evidently 

 the same as the Hebrew Chelbenah, by which the same substance is 

 supposed to be alluded to in the book of Exodus. Arabian authors 

 describe it under the name Barzud. The Persians call it Birzud, and 

 give Birceja as its Hindoo synonym. That the same substance is 

 intended, is evident from Khulyan and Hetonyon, as stated by Dr. 

 Boyle (' Illustr. Himal. Bot, 1 p. 28), being given as its Greek syno- 

 nyms, which are evident corruptions of Chalbanc and Metopion, the 

 names of this substance in Dioscorides. The plant yielding this sub- 

 stance is called Kinneh and Nafeel by Arabian and Persian authors, 

 by whom it is described as being jointed, thoruy, and fragrant Under 

 the first name it is noticed in the original of Avicenna, but omitted in 

 the Latin translation. D'Herbelot ('Bibl. Orient.') however states, 

 that the plant yielding Galbanum is called Ghiarkust in Persia. 

 These names are interesting only as showing that both the plant and 

 gum-resin appear to hare been familiarly known to both Arabians 

 and Persians, and that therefore the former is probably a native of 

 these countries, though usually stated to be only a native of Syria. 

 But if so, it could hardly have escaped the notice of the numerous 

 travellers who have visited that country. 



One plant, often described as yielding this long-known gum-resin, is 

 Jiubon UManam, a native of the Cape of Good Hope, which Hermann 

 describes as yielding spontaneously, by incision, a gummy, resinous 

 juice, similar to Galbanum ; but Mr. Don has observed that this plant 

 possessed neither the smell nor the taste of Galbanum, but in these 

 particular* agrees better with fennel ; and its fruit has no resemblance 

 whatever to that found in the gum. The fniit, commonly called seed, 

 was early ascertained by Lobel to be that of an Umbelliferous Plant, 

 broad and foliaceous, which he picked out of Galbanum, and, having 

 owed, obtained a plant, which he has figured under the name of 

 Ferula galbaniftra. This has been lost or become confounded with 

 other species ; but it is probable that it was the plant yielding 

 Ualbanum, as Mr. Don has recently obtained fruit in like manner, 

 and something similar, which he has determined to be allied to the 

 genus Siler, but differing in the absence of dorsal resiniferous caualx, 

 and the commissure being furnished with only two. The carpels 

 are about 9 lines in length and 4 lines broad, flat internally and 

 somewhat convene externally. As the plant is still unknown, it is 

 well worthy the investigation of travellers in the East, who might 

 otherwise suppose, from the name, assigned from the seed, having 

 been adopted in the ' London Pharmacopoeia,' that the plant was as 

 well known as iu product 



Three aorU of Galbanum are distinguished : 1. Galbanum in grains 

 or tears; 2. Galbanum in masses; and 3. Persian Galbauum. The 

 two former come from Africa, especially Ethiopia ; the third sort 

 from Persia. Galbanum in tears is most likely the spontaneous 

 exudation from the plant ; and that in masses, obtained by incisions. 

 The first sort occurs in irregular generally oblong grains, mostly 

 distinct, but sometime* agglutinated together, about the size of a 

 lentil or small pea, of a colour verging from whitish into yellowish- 

 brown, more or lem diaphanous, opaque, or shining with a resinous 

 lustre. The odour is strongly balsamic, and disagreeable. The taste 

 u rainous, sharp, bitter, and disagreeable. Hpccjfic gravity, 1-212. 



It ia partially soluble in alcohol, and the solution, as well as the 

 strong white smoke which is evolved when Galbanum is melted in a 

 platinum spoon, reddens litmus paper. It connisU chiefly of resin, 

 gum, volatile oil, and a trace of malic m-i.l. 



Oalbnniim in ma*es consists of irregular pieces of a yellowish or 

 dark brown colour ; the odour is stronger than that of the preceding 

 kind, which, in its general characters, it much resembles, except that 

 it can be powdered only during the low temperature of winter. 



Qeiger says that when this variety is pure, it is not to be reckoned 

 inferior to the former. Persian Galbanum, being very s >ft and tena- 

 cious, is sent in skins or chests. It often contains many fragments of 

 plant*. 



Galbanum, like other umbelliferous gum-resins, U anti-spasmodic, 

 expectorant, and externally rubefacient It in inferior in power to 

 assafcotida, but usually associated with it in pills and plasters. 



GALBUI.A. HALCTOMDJL] 



GALE, SWEET. (Mvui, H 



GALENA. |l,EAD.J 



GALEOLARIA. [AcALtPHJt] 



GALEOI'ITH ECUS. a genus of Mammalia, having relations to the 

 Lemuridtr and Cheiroptera. It is often formed into a family, and U 

 then called fltitroj,i<m or Galtopitlueidar. They are commonly 

 known by the name of Flying Lemurs, and are sometimes called 

 Flying Cats mid Flying Foxes. They are generally arranged under 

 the order Carnassiers, and some authors place them in the division 

 Cheiroptera ; but they differ from the Bats inasmuch as the toes of 

 their anterior extremities, which are all furnished with sharp claws, 

 are not more elongated than those of the hind feet, so that the mem- 

 brane which occupies the interval between the extremities to the 

 sides of the tail can hardly operate in executing more than the 

 functions of a parachute. The dental formula is as follows : 



Incisors, i; Canines, * ; Molars, 6 ~- 

 ' 6 ' * 00 66 



34. 



This is the formula given by M. Lesson ; but Cuvicr, iu his ' Regnc 

 Animal,' states that the canines are dentilated and abort like the 

 molars. He states that the two upper incisors are also dentilated 

 and much separated from each other; and that the six lower ones 

 are split into narrow strips like combs, a structure peculiar to this 

 genus. 



F. Cuvier's formula is similar to that of M. Lesson, and was 

 probably copied by the latter. F. Cuvier describes the 12 molara 

 in both jaws as consisting of 4 false molars and 8 molar.". He telU 

 us that in the upper jaw, the intermaxillary bone, though very exten- 

 sive, has no teeth in its anterior part ; iu the posterior part there are 

 two on each side. The descending line in the upper part of the lower 

 figure marks the extent of the intermaxillary bone. The dentition, as 

 it appears to Mr. Waterhouse, is as follows : 



Incisors, 



; Canines, l ; False Molars, - 1? ; True Molars 



The same author observes that the six foremost teeth in the lower 

 jaw of the Lemur (four only of which are, in his opinion, incisors ; for 

 he agrees with Geoflroy iu considering the remaining two as canines) 

 together bear a remarkable resemblance to a single incisor of Galeo- 

 pithecu*. Ho compares the two canines to the outer lamina; of one 



Teclh of Onlcopillicntt, ont-third larger than nature. (I'. Cuvicr.) 



of these incisors. Like one of these lamina-, the L-mur's canine is 

 dilated immediately above the base, and ha* ft longitudinal ridge on 

 the upper side ; whilst the incisors, like the intermediate lamina;, are 



