GALLIXS 



(round ; egs numerous ; food pointed out to the young by their 

 parent. Polygamous. Analogous to the order Pecora in the class 

 Mammalia. (RA8ORB.1 



UAI.UNSI'.tTA. [COCCID*.] 



OAI.I.INTI.A. [KAt.i.mjt] 



OALLIONELLA, a genus of riant* belonging to the natural order 

 Diatomiifter, and to Kutiing's family Mdotnna. [MELO8KIRIA.] 



GALLS are the result of a morbid action excited in the leaf-buds of 

 crural species of the genus Qutrctu, or Oak. 



The galls of commerce are chiefly those which occur on the Qutrciu 

 ia/etloria (Ollivier). They vary in sire from that of a pea to that of 

 nutmeg. 



They originate in the puncture of an insect, Cynipt gattatinctoria. 

 The puncture is effected by the ovipositor of the insect, and an egg 

 is at the same time deposited. An interruption in the ordinary func- 

 tions of the tissues of the plant takes place ni the spot where the egg 

 is inserted ; the consequence is an excrescence of vegetable matter, 

 principally tannin, formed round the egg, and furnishes a nidus for 

 the grub or larva when hatched. When this takes place the grub eats 

 its way out through the side of the gall; after which the vitality of 

 the excrescence either decreases or ceases altogether. The surface 

 has irregular elevations or lines, with the interspaces generally smooth. 

 The colour is white or yellow in one variety ; green, gray, or black 

 in another. The white variety, which is the largest, often has a hole 

 in the substance of the shell by which the larva has escaped. This 

 kind is the least powerful and least esteemed. The best (rails come 

 _ from Aleppo and Smyrna, but are often mixed with those from Syria 

 * and Cyprus. In 100 parts of Aleppo Galls Sir 11. Davy found gallic 

 acid, 6'2 ; tannin, 26 ; gum and insoluble tannin, 2'4 ; lime and other 

 Kilts, 2'4 ; woody fibre, 63. Braconnot also found ellagic acid. Galls 

 are devoid of smell, but have a disagreeably bitter taste, with a 

 powerfully astringent action. The whole of their soluble matter is 

 yielded to forty times their weight of boiling water ; ether dissolves 

 about half their weight, alcohol considerably more. 



They yield a fine black colour with any of the salts of iron, and 

 are u*ed in the prejwration of writing ink. The quantity imported is 

 annually about 700 tons. A kind of gall has lately been imported 

 from China. Dr. Pereira describes it in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal' 

 under the name of Woo-pei-tre; they are of very irregular shape, 

 more bulky than the common galls, and hollow, the external shell 

 being only about ^ of an inch in thickness, very brittle, and of a 

 brownish-yellow colour. Mr. Doubleday says that the producing 

 insect in this case is one of the Apli it tribe. They are extremely 

 astringent, but have not yet been used in dyeing. 



The infusion possesses all the valuable properties of the gall, as does 

 an alcoholic tincture ; but decoction is an objectionable preparation. 

 For internal use the infusion is preferable to the powder, which, like 

 all substances containing much woody fibre, irritates the fitotnac'.i. 

 Galls may be employed in powder to form an ointment, which with 

 opium and camphor is of great service in painful haemorrhoids. As 

 a tonic in intermittent fever, and as an astringent in haemorr- 

 hagic or other discharges, galls are occasionally employed. But 

 the most extensive use is made of them in the arts, and as a 

 chemical teat. 



GAMBOGE, GAMBOGIA. [QARCINIA ; HKBRADEKDBOS.] 



< ; A 'MM A 1U "S, a genus of Animals belonging to the Amphipodous 

 Crustaceans, the Crevettes or Chevrettes of the French. It has the 

 following characters : Antennae inserted in front of the head between 

 the eyes, moderate, composed of three principal joints and a fourth 

 which is setaceouH, multiarticulate and terminal ; the upper antennae 

 with a small, setaceous, multiarticulate appendage at the internal 

 extremity of their third joint. The four anterior feet terminated by 

 a large compressed hand provided with a strong hook or moveable 

 finger, which applies itself upon the lower edge; the next four feet 

 terminated by a single joint, or slightly curved nail ; the lost six 

 longer, rained on the sides of the body, and with a delicate and straight 

 terminal joint There are long bifid very moveable filaments on each 

 aide under the tail, which is terminated by long, ciliated -appendages, 

 which are extended nearly in the direction of the body, and whieh 

 constitute a sort of spring, by means of which the animal executes 

 considerable leaps, or aids iU swimming by a backward impulse on 

 the water. Body oblong, very much compressed, arched, divided 

 into thirteen segment* (including the head) ; each segment furnished 

 above with a cnisUceotu, delicate, semi-transparent, transverse lamina 

 or blade, and the first seven also furnished with a lateral cruataoeoua 

 piece which covers the base of the feet. (Demnarest.) 



', I'ulrs, Kabricius and Latmll>< c ''inrr.r J'uler, Linnaeus; ffi/nlllii 

 Plex, De Geer; fyiiilla .Hurialilii, Mem-It; Gammaru* aijuaticiu, 

 Leach; Crerette des Uuisseaux, Oeoffroy ), the Fresh-WaterShrimp. This 

 crustacean, which abounds in springs and rivuleU, always swims near 

 the bottom on iU side, and its progression is principally performed by 

 the rapid jerks of the appendages of the tail. The animal is carni- 

 vorous and feed* principally on dead fishes, and often on the carcasses 

 of it* own spedm. The male may often be seen swimming 00 

 with the female, which is much small' r, and which In- liolds between 

 hi* leg*. She keep* her eggs till they are hatched, and the young for 

 OHM time seek shelter under her abdomen and the lateral appendages 

 ofberbody. 



There are some marine species ; and Deamaret observes that the 

 genus bean the strongest analogies to those genera which have been 

 separated from it, in his opinion on sufficiently slight grounds, UU.I.T 

 the name* of LettcolMe, Dtnmine, Mclita. M 



Orckalia, Ac. The greater part of these, M. Deamaret states, have 

 not been adopted by the more recent authors on the natural I. 

 of the Crustaceans; and the only ones which had been gem-rally 

 admitted when h wrote were Taiitriu and Coropli 

 S.iy he considers to I.,- founded on sulh'eient character.. M. I. iliville 

 however, in the fourth volume of Cuvier's ' Itcgne Animal ' (ed. 

 admits them all. 



h-Wniir shrimp (flammartu Fnlff). 

 a, animal, magnified ; I', UK- bead and antenna; of the tame, luirlily in 



(iammarut (Amphipoda) is noticed by Mr. Wcstwood as one of the 

 types of each of the great groups of the typical Malacostracoux Crut- 

 tacea, which have been ascertained to undergo no change of lonn 

 sufficiently marked to warrant the employment of the term me! 

 phosis. ('Phil. Trans.,' 1835.) [CoBOPHlUM.] 



GAMPSONYX. [FAU-O.MD.K] 



GANGA, [TJWHAUNID.*:.] 



GANNET. [PEU-..-AMI.I:.] 



GA'NODUS, a genus of Fossil Ganoid Fishes from the Oolite of 

 Stouesfield; 7 specie*. (Kgerton.) Ki-tVrn d ' liy Agassiz. 



GANOID, a grand division of Fossil Fishes in the classification of 

 M. Agassiz. [Kisn.] 



OANV.MK'D.V (Cray), a genus of Radiated Animals allied t 

 'lire and the Atteriada, and which U thus characterised : 



Body hemispherical, depressed, thin, chalky, hollow. The back 

 rounded, rather depressed, flattened behind, with a rather sunk quad- 

 rangular central space. The sides covered with sunken angular 

 cavities, with a small round rim,', having an oblong transverse sub- 

 central hole in their base. Underside small, rather concave, with live 

 slight sloping elevations from the angles of the mouth to the 

 of the rather pentagonal margin. The cdce simpl". The mouth 

 central. Vent none. Cavity simple. Porictcs thin and minutely 

 dotted; centre of the dorsal disc pellucid. 



The genus, in Dr. Gray's opinion, is very nearly allied to (ioldfuss's 

 Glcnotremila paradoxu* (' Petrifoct' tab. 49, f. It, and t. 51, f. 1 

 Dr. Gray points out the differences, and is induced to co: 

 two genera as forming a family or order between the Eeliin'nl > and 

 Asleriadrf ; allied to the latter in having only a single opening to the 

 digestive canal, and agreeing with the former in shape and consistence, 

 but differing from it in not being composed of many plates. 



Dr. Gray only knew of two specimens of Ganymeda, which he 

 believes were found on the coast of Kent, as he discovered them 

 mixed with a quantity of Dami* ' /'"'///". whi. h he collected several 

 years ago from fuci and shells on that coast Size of specimens one- 

 eight of an inch in diameter, (lanymcdapulcttella (Gray) is the name 

 of the species. ("/.,.}. Proa,' l^M.) 



OAK-FISH, GAR-PIKE. [|'.M..M ;; Esox.] 



GARCI'NIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 (tuitifrnr, named in honour of Dr. Garcin, who travelled in th- 

 Indies. It formerly consisted of few species, but no less than 21 are 

 enumerated by Dr. Wallich, 10 of which ho considers new. These 

 are distributed over the islands of the Indian Archipelago, in the 

 southern parts of China, in the Indian and Malayan peninsulas, in 

 Asam and Silhet, with one species (G. Cowa) extending as far north 

 as Monghir on the Ganges. They are all trees of consider;.!. 

 with opposite coriaceous shining oval leaves; numerous flowerx, which 

 are monoecious or dioecious; in the male, stamens numerous, in 

 on a large fleshy 4-lobed receptacle, anthers bursting longitudinally ; 

 iu the female, stamens numerous but imperfect, ovary 4-1". riled, 

 ovules solitary. The fruit fleshy and juicy, crowned with the ]>eltatc 

 stigma, is edible in many of the sj>< 



G. Miinyotta.no, is the most remarkable species, being the far-faun d 

 Mangosteon (Maugees, Marsden) of the Malays, reckoned one of thu 

 most delicious of all fruits, and not alone of the countries where it is 

 indigenous, but, as Marsden says, " is the pride of the Malay I.-landx, 

 .Mid perhaps the most delicate fruit in the world." It is a native of 

 the Malayan Peninsula and of the islands to the eastward of the Bay 

 of llcngal, forming trees of oomtderabla fiM, with a straight trunk 

 and numerous spreading opposite liram-hrs forming mi elegant e.mieal 

 head. The tree is considered one of the most oruam, nial in I 

 for gardens, also as affording an agreeable shade, Boutins com, 

 their appearance to that of citron-trees. It is in flower and fruit a 



