1 



GLAPHYRIA. 



GLAUCOPIS. 



1010 



The Mcrction contained in the cavity of the cell appear* to b the 

 product of the solution of successive developments of the nucleus, 

 which in tome instance* containi in iU component vesicles the 

 peculiar secretion, ai in the bile-cells of certain Mollmca ; and in 

 othen becomes dercloped into the secretion itself, as in seminal cells. 

 In every instance the nucleus is directed towards the source of 

 nutritive matter; the cell-wall is opposed to the cavity into which 

 the secretion is cast This accords with that most important obser- 

 vation of Dr. Martin Barry on the function of the nucleus in cellular 

 development. I have also had an opportunity of verifying and to 

 an extent which I did not at the time fully anticipate the remarkable 

 vital properties of the third order of secretion referred to in the 

 memoir to which I have just alluded. The distinctive character of 

 secretions of the third order is, that when thrown into the cavity of 

 the gland they consist of entire cells, instead of being the result of 

 partial or entire dissolution of the secreting cells. It is the most 

 remarkable peculiarity of this order of secretions, that, after the 

 worsting cells have been separated from the gland and cast into the 

 duct, or cavity, and therefore no longer a component part of the 

 organism, they retain so much individuality of life as to proceed in 

 their development to a greater or less extent in their course along .the 

 canal or duct before they arrive at their full extent of elimination. 

 The most remarkable instance of this peculiarity of secretions of this 

 order is that discovered by my brother. He has observed that the 

 seminal secretion of the decapodous crustaceans undergoes successive 

 developments in its progress down the duct of the testis, but that it 

 only becomes developed into spermatozoa after coitus, and in the 

 spermatbeca of the female. He has also ascertained that, apparently 

 fur tbe nourishment of the component cells of a secretion of this 

 kind, a quantity of albuminous matter floats among them, by absorb- 

 ing which they derive materials for development after separation from 

 the walls of the gland. This albuminous matter he compares to the 

 substance which, according to Dr. Martin Barry's researches, results 

 from the solution of certain cells of a brood, and affords nourishment 

 to their survivors. It is one of other instances in which cells do not 

 derive their nourishment from the blood but from ports in their 

 neighbourhood which have undergone solution, and it involves a prin- 

 ciple which serves to explain many processes in health and disease. 



" I conclude therefore, from the observations which I have 

 made, 1st, that all the true secretions are formed or secreted by a 

 vital action of the nucleated cell, and that they are first contained in 

 tbe cavity of that cell ; 2nd, that growth and secretion are identical 

 the same vital process under different circumstances." 



Having thus examined the nature of the process by which the cell 

 secretes, we may now refer to some of the more prominent modifica- 

 tions of the organs called glands. The simplest condition of a Gland 

 is the simple inversion of a secreting membrane called a follicle. 

 These occur in the skin, as in the sebaceous follicles, and also in the 

 mucous membrane of the stomach, where they are called gastric 

 follicles. In these cases we have simply a pit in the membrane covered 

 with secreting cells. In the early stages of the development of all 

 glands we have this simple condition, and in the permanent condition 

 of the more complicated glands, when occurring in the lower animals, 

 we have the same simple development. Thus the liver in some of 

 the Polypes and lower Mollutca consists merely of a series of separate 

 follicles placed in the walls of the stomach. The chick whilst in the 

 egg presents the same condition of this organ. The same simplicity 

 is seen in the commencement of the development of a mammary 

 gland in the Mammalia. In the Ornithorhynckut this organ consists 

 of a mere cluster of blind sacs. In the same way in many fishes the 

 psncrsss begins its existence as a mere group of blind follicles. The 

 next stage in the complexity of a gland is where a number of follicles 

 O|HMI into a single tube. Such a condition of the gland is seen in 

 what are called the Meibomian glands of the eye. The larger glands 

 of the body, as the pancreas, liver, and parotid gland, are but mere com- 

 plicated stages of this process. Innumerable follicles empty them- 

 selves into tubes which again empty themselves into other tubes until 

 the whole contents of the gland are thrown out from some common 

 outlet. 



For further information on the subject of the Glandular System 

 re LIVER; PAMCREAS ; BII.E; PAROTID; DIGESTION; HUKETION; 

 AMORBKNT SYSTEM ; SALIVA; KIDNEYS; URINE; SKIN. 



GLAPHYUIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Myrtacrtr. The limb of tbe calyx is fi-lobed, petals 5, berry fi-celled, 

 many seeded ; seeds fixed to the axis, 2 rows in each cell. The species 

 are small Indian trees, with alternate minutely-stipiUte leaves, and 

 few-flowered axillary peduncles. 



'via is called by the Malays ' the Tree of Long Life,' probably 

 from its maintaining itself at elevations where the other denizens of 

 the forest have ceased to exist It affords at Bencoolen a substitute 

 for tea, and is known by the name of the Tea Plant Various species 

 of Lrptotptrmum and MeJaltna bear the same name in the Austra- 

 lian colonies. 



Q. srricca has lanceolate acuminated leaves. It is a imtive of Pulo 

 Pcnang and on the west coast of Sumatra, The calyx, peduncles, 

 bracts, and young leaves are silky ; the petals and cells of ovoriuin 

 6 or 6 in number. 



(JI.AHKOLA. [CllABADniAD.Il] 



GLASSWOUT. [SAUCORKIA.] 



GLAl'KKU SALT, imtive Sulphate of Soda. It h monoclinate, 

 and occurs in oblique rhombic prisms. It is found in efflorescent 

 crusts, of a white or yellowish-white colour, also in mineral waters. 

 Its taste is cool, saline, and bitter. It is distinguished from Epsom 

 salt by its coarse crystals and the yellow colour it gives to the blow- 

 pipe flame. The artificial salt was first discovered by Glauber, a 

 German chemist It is found in sea-water, and is obtained from this 

 source for use in medicine and the arts. At Knilua, in Hawaii, one 

 of the Sandwich Islands, it is found abundantly in a cave, whei 

 constantly forming. It is also found in Austria and Hungary, and 

 the United States of America. 



ULAUBERITE, a native Sulphate of Lime and Soda. It occurs in 

 oblique crystals, which are usually flattened, with sharp edges; 

 nearly transparent, and yellowish-grey in colour. The taste is weak, 

 and slightly saline. It is found in rock-salt at Villa Kubia in Spain, 

 at Ausxee in Upper Austria, and Vic in France. 



GLAUCIUM (from yAawtih , ' sea-green, or glaucous,' in allusion to 

 the colour of the plant and its habitation by the sea-side), a genus of 

 Plants belonging to the natural order fapareracea. It has 2 sepals, 

 4 petals, and indefinite stamens; elongated 2-valved capsules, a bi- 

 lamellate stigma, and ovate renifonn seeds. Tbe species are evergreen 

 glaucous biennial or annual herbs, abounding in a copper-coloured acrid 

 juice, said to be poisonous and to occasion madness. The flowers ore 

 yellow or crimson ; and the English name of the genus, Horn-Poppy, 

 originates in the horn-like shape of the pods. 



d. luteum, Yellow Horn-Poppy, has a smooth stem and a tuber- 

 cular scabrous pod. The flowers are large, and of a golden-yellow 

 colour. It is found on the sandy sea-shores of Great Britain, and also 

 in the Caroluuu and Virginia. It is the nymny Kipa-rlns of Theophrastus 

 (' Hist Plant,' 9, 13). 



0. phoeniccum is regarded by De Condolle as a variety of G. cornic*- 

 lalum. It is a native of the south of Europe, and is occasionally 

 found on the coast of England. It is however considered by liabiug- 

 ton to be a doubtful native. The flowers are crimson, and have an 

 elegant appearance. Don enumerates six species of d'laucium, none 

 of which however are applied to any useful purposes. The species of 

 Horn-Poppy thrive well in any common garden-soil, and may be easily 

 raised from seeds, which ripen in<great abundance. 



(Don, Dichlamydfotu Plant*; Babington, I/on. Brit. Sot.) 



GLAUCOLITE. [LABBADORITE.] 



GLAUCONIE, a French term used principally by M. Brongniart, 

 to signify some stratified deposits associated with the chalk, which 

 correspond to the greeusands of English geologists. The Qlan 

 Crayeuse is considered by M. Brongniart to be the equivalent of the 

 upper greeusand, and the Qlauconie Sableu.se of tho lower greensaud. 

 The same author uses the term Glauconie Grossicre for a deposit 

 above the chalk. 



GLAUCONOME (Glauconome, Nereidis filia), is used to denote a 

 genus established by Goldfuss, for species of Celluliferous Polyparia 

 found in the chalk of Westphalia. 



(jlauconome is also the name of a fresh-water genus of couchifers of 

 the family Veaerida, established by Dr. Gray in his 'Spicilegia 

 Zoologica,' [YKNEKIIML] 



GLAUCO'PIS, a genus of Birds established by Forstor (Caltcat of 

 Bechsteiu and Vieillot), belonging to the order Intcuorei. 



It has the following generic character : Bill moderate, strong, 

 robust, thick, with the base enlarged towards the commissure ; upper 

 mandible convex, vaulted, curved towards the end, and without any 

 notch ; lower mandible following the curvature of the upper, straight 

 below, hidden in part by the sides of the upper mandible. K-. 

 basal, lateral, round, partially closed bya large membrane, and entin ly 

 hidden by the curled and velvetty feathers which advance from tho 

 forehead. Feet strong, robust; tarsi longer than the middle toe; 

 toes nearly all of a length, the external toe united to the middle one, 

 and the internal toe soldered (soude") at the base. Wings short; 

 the first quill short, the three following graduated, and the fifth 

 longest Tail long, graduated. (Temminck.) The above character 

 is adopted in Lesson's ' Manuel,' and the following threo species are 

 there arranged under the gcuu*, namely, G. cinerea, G. Uucoptcra, and 

 G. Tcmnura. 



M. Temrninck describes (1. Temnwa as one-third larger than (J. Ttmia 

 (Corrui variant of authors), or the Pic Temia of Le Vaillant's ' Birds 

 of Africa.' He observes that the striking character in G. Tt m 

 consists in a very graduated tail (queue trcs <Stng(5e), all the feathers 

 of \\ hii-h aru truncated and cut, as it were, transversely at their extre- 

 mity. The whole of the plumage is black, a little lustrous on tl,.- 

 wings and tail. Bill and feet black. Total length 12 inches. It in 

 "omul in Cochin China. M. Lesson observes that this species will 

 form a new genur. 



In Mr. Swainson's ' Classification of Birds,' vol. U., part 4, G. Tern- 

 n*ra is referred to CVyjutrt'na, and the following generic character is 

 {ivcn by him : some of the characters, not inserted in his own notes, 

 rest on the authority of the ' Manuel d'Ornithologic.' 



(ilnucupii (Forster). Bill short, strong, robust ; the culinen elevated 

 and curved from the bare ; tipper mandible destitute of a notch ; 

 nii'li-r mandible straight (on the gonys), the margin covered by Unit 

 of the upper and furnished at the base with two iv.-liy unities. 



