Q08SYPIUM. 



ORALLY. 



with finely-dhering grayish down under the short-staple white 



Thii and it* varieties arc thaw chiefly cultivated in India. It has 

 been procured from China and the Malayan Peninsula, and also from 

 Egypt '' p<rtaliim, from Senegambia, is probably a variety. It 

 in that cultivated in the Mediterranean region, and must have been 

 the species taken to America from Smyrna. 



Q. ortorwm, Linn. Stem arboreous, 15-20 feet, sometimes shrubby, 

 young part* hairy, tinged of a reddUh colour. Leaves palmate, 3- or 

 4-lobed, hairy, dotted with blackinh spot* of a dark green colour ; 

 lobe* elongated, lanceolate, sometimes mucrouate, sinus obtuse, glands 

 one, sometimes three. Stipules oval-shaped. Flower* solitary, with 

 short peduncle*, red, with a yellowish tinge near the claws. Leaflets 

 of the exterior calyx cordate, ovate, entire, sometimes dentate. 

 Capsule ovate-pointed, 3- or 4-celled, seeds covered with a greenish- 

 coloured fur, enveloped in fine silky yellowish-white wool. This 

 species U found in the island of Celebes and in every part of India. 

 It is noticed among lists of the plants of Arabia, and also of Egypt. 

 It is planted near temples and habitations of Paqueera in India, 

 and is stated to be sacred to the Hindoo deities, and therefore employed 

 only for making muslin for turbans. The species is marked G. rtligio- 

 mm in Heyne's ' Herbarium,' and one specimen of (/'. Barbadtnte is 

 marked </. arboreum in the ' Linnean Herbarium.' 



U. rttiyiotum. Perennial. Stem 3-4 feet, branches and petioles a 

 little velvety, hirsute towards the apex, aiid covered with black 

 point*. Leaves cordate, superior 3-lobed, inferior 5-lobed, deeply 

 divided ; lobes ovate-acuminate, entire, pubescent (some of the lower 

 ones ovate-acuminate), one to three glands ; stipules lanceolate, 

 deciduous (cordate - acuminate, Roxb.). Flowers large, fulvous, 

 peduncles short, dotted ; leaflets of the exterior calyx large, cordate- 

 acuminate, deeply laciniate, hairy and dotted ; capsule ovate- 

 acuminate, dotted, 3- 4- or 5-celled ; seeds black, covered with 

 firmly-adhering short tawny fur under the long tawny-coloured wool. 



I 



Gottypittm 



1, branch with full *nd half-blown flowrri ; 2, ctpiulc bunt open, thowinp 

 the cotton In three dlrltloiu corroponding with the cclli of the capsule ; 3, 

 erd enveloped with cotton. 



There is considerable confusion with respect to tha species which 

 should be called Q. rtligioium. The distinguishing characteristic of 

 what is considered such at present is the having tawny-coloured 

 instead of white wool Then are at least two distinct localities for 

 this kind of cotton, one Siam, the other China. From the latter 

 country it was introduced both into India and America under the 

 uaine of Nankin Cotton. Dr. Hovle is of opinion that two distinct 

 *Icies yield Uwny-coloured cotton ; one with small velvety-looking 



leaves and much dotted in every part, of which lie has seen specimens 

 from Macao, Tahiti, and Ouzerat The other is a much larger plant, 

 with the general appearance and leaves of Q. Barbadentf, of which 

 there are specimens in the ' East Indian Herbarium.' Mr. Wilkinson 

 has brought specimens from Egypt of a rather tawny-coloured cotton, 

 with brownish seed, free from fur, which he says is there called 

 'gotun Hindi-.-.' 



(,'. hirnUum, Linn. Shrubby, about six feet high, young pods very 

 hairy. Leaves, the uppi-r undivided, cordate, acute ; the lower 3- or 

 5-lobod ; lobe* ovate, acute (triangular, Roxb.), hairy on the under 

 and smooth on the upper surface. Petioles very hairy, dotted with 

 black 8]>ots ; glands 1 or 2 to 3 ; stipules lanceolate (Cavanilles) ; 

 corolla, base yellow, purplish towards apex (uniform yellow, Roxb.); 

 exterior calyx ovate-acute, very hairy, cordate, 3-toothed (Cav. laci- 

 niate, Roxb.) ; capsule large, ovate-acute ; seeds many, free, clothed 

 with firmly-adhering green down under the fine Ion;; white wool. 

 (Swartz.) Thu species is cultivated in Jamaica, according to Swarta ; 

 and would appear, from the description of the seed, to be the Green- 

 Seeded, Short-Staple, or Upland Cotton of the Americans. 



Q. Barbadtntc. Stem shrubby, 6-15 feet, smooth ; leaves, the upper 

 3-lobed, the lower 5-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, smooth, often pubes- 

 cent on the under surface ; leaflets of exterior calyx large, deeply 

 laciniate ; flowers yellow ; capsule ovate, acuminate, smooth ; seeds 

 $-12, free, oblong, black, and without any other pubescence than the 

 long fine easily-separable cotton. Swartz describes this species as 

 extensively cultivated in the West Indies : it is also the (1. ritifulium 

 of Cavanilles. It is one of the cultivated cottons of Egypt 



It is more than probable that the Sea-Island or Long Staple Cotton 

 is a variety of this species, as ita seeds agree in character. More than 

 this it is not possible to say, as, among the numerous collections 

 which London contains, strange to relate, there are none in which 

 genuine specimens of cultivated cottons, properly named, can l>e seen ; 

 but it is to be hoped that travellers and naturalists will be induced 

 to pay a little more attention to the products of a country, whether 

 natural or the result of art, and deposit them in our museums, with 

 the plants which produce them. 



Several other species, as G. punctatvm, from Senegal ; (1. obttuifolium, 

 from Ceylon ; and 6'. j'crurianum, from Brazil, have been described ; 

 but Dr. Koyle is of opinion that all the specie* of cotton may be 

 reduced to four G. Pcrurlanum (0. acuninatum) ; G. Iiulicutn 

 (0. herbaceam) ; Q. arboreum ; and G. Barbrulen.it. 



For further information the reader is referred to the works quoted 

 above, and to Hoyle'a ' Illustrations of the Botany, Ac., of the 

 Himalayan Mountains.' [COTTOX, in ARTS AND Sc. Div.] 



(iuTlllTE, a Mineral, to which also the name Lepidol-romUe is 

 given. It is a hydrous peroxide of iron, differing from the brown 

 iron-ore by containing half as much water. The crystals are of a 

 brown colour, and blood-red by transmitted light when sub-trans- 

 parent. It has a hardness of 5 ; and its specific gravity 4 to 4'i It 

 is found with hicmatite at Eiserfeld in Nassau, at Clifton in Cornwall, 

 also in Siberia. Taryite, from the Ural, seems to be identical. 

 GOUR. [BoviDJi] 



QOURD, a kind of fruit obtained from various plants of the natural 

 order Cucurbitacea. In countries having hot and dry summers the 

 different kinds of this fruit are held in high estimation, and are a 

 valuable article of consumption, acquiring a very large size, abounding 

 in nutritious matter, and being moreover very wholesome. The 

 largest is the kind called Potiron Jaune by the French, which some- 

 times weighs above 2 owt. All the most esteemed kinds belong to the 

 genus (.'m-tirliita, the species of which are almost entirely destitute of 

 the bitterness that renders other fruits of the same natural order unfit 

 for food : thus the Vegetable Marrow is supplied by the Vucurbittt 

 urifera ; the Potiron by C. mariiaa ; the Squash-Gourd, a very deli- 

 cate sort, and perhaps the most agreeable of all when cooked in a very 

 young state, by C. mdopcpo ; and the Orange-Gourd by C. aurantia. 

 Bottle-Gourds, which are bitter and dangerously drastic, are the fruit 

 of Layenaria rulyarit ; while what is called the Colocynth-Qourd, a 

 powerful purgative, is in reality a kind of melon, the Uucumit 



caiocyittllii. [CUCURDITAOEX.] 



GUVVDIE, a name for the fish called the Sword Dragonet 

 [CAI.I.IONTMUB.] 



O'WDNOOK. [SCOJIBERESOX.] 



GRACILLARIA. [Aui.n; RHOUYMKNIACE&] 



GRACULA. [CORAUAS.] 



GRAINING. "[LKUC-I8CUS.1 



GRAINS OK PARADISE are hot, acrid, aromatic seeds, produced 

 upon the coast of Guinea, and used for medicinal and other purposes 

 as stomachic and cordial stimulants. They are produced by the 

 Amomum Grana Paradili of Linnreus, and Amoinum yrandijlorum of 

 Smith. [AMOIIUH.] 



URALL/E (Wading-Birds), the fourth order of the class Atei, 

 according to Linnajus, and placed by him, in his last edition of the 

 'Systema Natursc,' between the orders Antem (the third) and Gallirue 

 (the fifth). 



Linnicus thus characterises the Gralla ; Bill (a sounding staff, 

 ' bacillus tentans ') subcylindrical. Feet wading, the thighs half naked. 

 Body compressed, the skin very thin, sapid; the tail short. Food, 

 consisting of animalcules, obtained in marshes. Nest most frequently 



