GUOSSULAUI.V 



lloi 



OREENSHAXK, the common name for well-known Wading; 

 Bird, referred by tome ornithologists to the Oodwits ; by other* to 

 the Snipe*. [Scoi.OPACll>..] 



ORKKNSToNE. Rocks in which fel*i>ar U combined with horn- 

 blende, or lea commonly augite, the mixture being evident and the 

 ingredient* distinct, are usually called Greenstone. In such rocks 

 the felspar ii usually white or greenish, and less completely crystal- 

 lised than in sienito ; grains of pyrites frequently occur ; the masses 

 hare a rude prismatic figure (Corygills, Isle of Arran) ; and by decay 

 show a globular interior structure as in basalt [BASALT.] If augite 

 and hornblende be in effect the same mineral generated under 

 different circumstances, and bypersthene be analogous, if not identical, 

 it is perhaps probable that geologists may hereafter be disposed to 

 adopt a suggestion of Dr. M'Culloch, and divide sienitee, greenstones, 

 and basalts according to the substance united with felspar, which is 

 present in all We shall then have hornblendic sienitc, greenstone 

 and basalt, angitic sieuite, greenstone and basalt, hypersthcnic 

 sienite, greenstone and basalt, the distinctions between sienite, green- 

 stone, and basalt being chiefly founded on the aggregation of the rock' 

 and the character of the felspar. The geological history of green 

 stone is very similar to that of basalt, and in the same tract of 

 country one quarry may give fine-grained basalt and another distinctly 

 marked greenstone. [ROCKS; BASALT; AUOITE; HORNBLEXHK; TRAP.] 



OURS. This French equivalent of the English word grit, or 

 sandstone, includes several rock*, which may be thus noticed : 



Ores de Fontainebleau . 

 Ores de Virnne 1 

 Ores des Carpathes J 

 Ores de Luxembourg . 



Ores bigamS . 



Ores Voegien 



Ore* rouge 

 (Ores rouge) 



Ores houillier . 



A tertiary rock. 



Equivalent of the greensands. 



Between the lias and the variegated 

 marls. 



]'.' i u i valent of the hunter sandstein 

 (German,) and new red-sand- 

 stone (English). 



A local red grit rock on the 

 flanks of the Vosges Moun- 

 tains. 



The sandstone below the mag- 

 nesian limestone (termed rother 

 sandstein in some parts of 

 Germany, also called rothc todte 

 liegende). 



Grits of the coal formation. 



ORENGESITE, a Mineral, consisting of hydrous silicate of iron. 



GREVILLEA, a genus of Proteaceous Plants named by Robert 

 Brown in honour of Dr. Greville of Edinburgh. 



GRE'WIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order 

 Tiliaeta, so-named in honour of Dr. Grew, celebrated for his work 

 on the anatomy of vegetables. Though the family takes its name 

 from the European genus Tilia, its species are distributed chiefly 

 through tropical countries. Orewia now consists of upwards of 60 

 species of moderately-sized trees or shrubs, which hare leaves 

 resembling those of the elm, yellow or white flowers, and many of 

 them pleasant-tasted subacid fruit. The calyx consists of 5 coriaceous 

 sepals, which are coloured internally. Petals 5, each provided with 

 a gland or scale at the base, inserted with the numerous stamens 

 into the elevated receptacle ; germ superior, generally 2-celled ; stylo 

 single ; stigma 4-lobed ; drupe with from one to four 1- or 2-seeded 

 small nuts. The species of Graoia are fonnd in the tropical islands 

 and the hot parts of the Old World, extending west to the west coast 

 of Africa, and south to the Cape of Good Hope. In India they are 

 common in every part, both iu jungly forests and the dry open 

 plains ; some of the same species extend from the southern to the 

 most northern parts ; a few even ascend the Himalayas to moderate 

 elevations. Species are also found in Arabia and Egypt. 



The species of Tiliacea are noted for their mucilaginous properties, 

 as well as for the remarkable tenacity of the inner fibre of their 

 bark, as exemplified in the Tilia, or common European lime-tree : 

 that of Urtwia oppotiti/olia is employed for making ropes with in 

 the Himalayas; and O. deulira, figured by Dr. Koyle in ' 11 

 tioos of Himalayan Botany,' t 22, and called Dhamn<m I 

 natives, is valued for the strength and elasticity of its wood. Cattle 

 are fed on the leaves of some species, as (i. didyma, at moderate 

 elevations in the Himalayas. The pleasant-tasted subacid fruit of 

 several species is eaten by the natives of India, but principally used 

 for making sherbet. Orewia atiatirn, or pkalta, is that principally 

 employed and cultivated in their gardens. 



' III AH, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Myrtacea. 

 It has the tube of the calyx adhering to the ovarium; the limb 

 small, 4 -cleft, obtuse ; the petals 4, coriaceous ; the stamens numerous, 

 inserted in a square disc ; the filaments joined into 5 series at the 

 base ; the inner ones very short ; the anthers kidney-shaped, small ; 

 the style wanting; the stigma cruciate, hidden in the incurved 

 stamen*; the fruit ovate, 8-furrowed, crowned by the calyx. Th'-tv 

 is but one specie*, G. caulijtora, the Anchovy Pear. It is a tall little- 

 braoohed tree with very long oblong leaves, and large white flowers 

 seated on abort many-flowered peduncles. It is a native of sub.tlpinu 

 district* of Jamaica la boggy places. The fruit is an ovate berry the 



nize of an alligator's egg, and of a brownish russet colour, and is 

 pickled and eaten in the same way as the mango. It in readily 

 propagated by seeds, and the young plants must be kept iu .-. 

 heat It grows best hi a loamy soil, and may also be propagated by 

 large cuttings placed under a hand-glass iu heat 



(Don, I)ichlamydnu Planti.) 



GRIFFON 



CIUI.SK. [S.U.MONIDJC.] 



CHIMOTIIKA. KM-ATHEID.*.] 



GRI'SLEA, a genus of tropical Plants belonging to the natural 

 order Lylhracetr, or SalicaruKar. The genus is characterised by 

 having a tubular calyx, which is from 4- to 6-toothed ; the petals, 

 4 to 6 in number, are inserted between the divisions of the calyx ; 

 the stamens, twice as many, arise from the bottom of the calyx, 

 and have their long filaments extending with the style beyond its 

 tube; the capsule is superior, 2-celled, many-seeded, and covered 

 by the persistent calyx. The plants of this genus consist of shrubs, 

 with opposite, very entire leaves, dotted on the under surface with 

 dark-coloured glands. The peduncles are axillary and many-flowered; 

 the flowers reddish-coloured. The species are not more than three 

 in number, of which one, G. itcunda, U found in the warmer parts of 

 South America, and the others in India. G. tomentoia, the best 

 known and most useful species, is found in the islands of the Indian 

 Ocean, in China, and in every part of the continent of India, espe- 

 cially in the jungly tract* at the foot of its several ranges of 

 mountains. Iu such situations its bright red calyx, retaining its 

 colour till the seeds are ripe, gives the whole plant a very showy 

 appearance, and points it out to the collectors of its flowers, which 

 form an article of commerce. These are much employed by the 

 natives of India for dyeing a red colour, and having some degree of 

 astringency, are also employed in Indian medicine. The plant is 

 known by the names of Dharee, Dhaee, &c., and the flowers by that 

 of Dhaeephool. 



GRIS(JN T . [VlVERRIDX.] 



GRISTLE. [CARTII.AKE.J 



GRIT. Hard sandstones are called Grits in the north of England, 

 and indeed many soft sandstones are so termed. In particular 

 districts some distinctive terms are applied, as millstone-grit, mi- 

 grit, white-grit, grindstone-grit, &c. Almost universally in the north 

 of England the term ' freestone ' belongs to such gritstones as will 

 work easily and to a good face; 'calliard' stones are intractable, 

 close-grained, almost flinty grits ; in Aldstonc Moor, (.'uinlwrl.iud, the 

 term 'hazel' is given to some hard grits; at Newcastle the word 

 'post' signifies a 'bed,' and is generally associated with gritstone . 

 rocks. 



In geology the most remarkable rocks to which the word grit is 

 applied, are the calcareous grit (in which however there is often 

 little of calcareous matter), a part of the middle oolite formation ; 

 the millstone grit, which contains beds of quartz pebbles, ami is 

 altogether a coarse irregularly laminated rock. [SAXDSTUXE.] 



GRO FYRITE, a Mineral consisting of hydrous silicate of alumina 

 allied to Hallnysitc. | ll.u.t.oysrrE.] 



GBOKVTBLL. [I-ITIIOSI-KHMI-M.] 



GROSBEAK. 



OROSSULARIACIC.'E, Cinrant-Worti, a natural order of Exo- 

 genous Plants, consisting of 2 genera and 95 species. The 

 consist of shrubs, either unarmed or spiny. The leaves alternate, 

 lobed, with a planted vernation, often with a membranous edge to 

 the base of the petioles. Flowers in axillary racemes, with bracts at 

 their base, rarely unisexual by abortion ; the calyx superior, 4- or 



KUn Gromilaria. 



1, s (lower magnified ; -, the ovary and tvle, from which the calyx, pctal, 

 and taraenfl have been cut off; 3, a calyx laid open, to ohow the petal* and the 

 Insertion of the i>tamen ; 4, a tranvcrsc ncclion of a fruit exhibiting the 

 parietal placentation ; s, a longitudinal Mction of a seed, with the minute 

 embryo at the end of the albumen. 



5-parted, regular, coloured, imbricated, or somewhat valvate in 

 (estivation ; petals 5, minute, inserted in the throat of the calyx ; 

 stamens 5, inserted alternately with the petals, very short; ovary 

 1 -celled, with 2 opposite parietal placenta; ovules numerous, on short 



