GUINEA-FOWL. 



GULO. 



(JIINCA KO\VI.. [PI1A3IAMD.B.J 



CCINKA-rKl'] r.i;, the seeds of two specie* of Amomxm, found 

 ou the west coast of Africa, within the tropic* ; the one, A . yrann 

 Paraditi ; the other, A. gnatdijlorum. They tare powerfully aromatic, 

 stimulant, and cordial, and are used for the same purposes as 

 Cardamoms. 



GUINEA-PIG (Caria Cokaya, Restless Gary), the well-known 

 Brazilian rodent now domesticated in Europe. I HYSTIIICID.K.] 



t;riXr.A-\Vn|;M. |I-:N,.,U.] 



GUM.. [LAitiDjt] 



GULO, the generic name under which the Glutton, or Wolverene, 

 and the Orison (tlaliclu of Bell), with other Carnivorous congeners, 

 have been arranged. 



M. F. Cuvicr, in the 32n 1 number of his 'Denta des Mammiferes,' 

 aaya that he might have treated of the Orison, the Tayra (Q. barbalut 

 of Oesmarest), and the Glutton, in his preceding article, where he 

 treats of the dentition of the Putois (Putoriut of G. Cuvier), Zorille 

 (Zorilia), and Martee (Martens) ; for he remarks, the dental arrange- 

 ment of the Orison and Tayra resemble that of Putoriiu, and that of 

 the Orison is similar to the formula observed in Martes. The two 

 first, he states, have two false molars above and three below, and the 

 last has an additional one in each jaw. For the rest, these animals 

 have nothing in their teeth to distinguish them ; that is to say, he 

 continues, they have the same incisives, the same canines, and the 

 same tubercular teeth. They have consequently all a relish for blood, 

 and could not be separated from each other were it not for the 

 plantigrade feet of the Orison, the Tayra, and the Glutton, an organi- 

 sation which does not however change their propensities, and only 

 leads to the modification of the means by which they satisfy their 

 appetites. 



The dental formula of the group has been stated as follows : 



Incisors, jj ; canines, ^j ; molars, JT ^, or ^j, = 34 or 38. 



Tcclh of Gulo. V. CuTltr. 



The well-developed carnivorous dentition, united with the planti- 

 grade foot, teems to have thrown a difficulty in the way of zoologist*, 

 M to the proper place of these animals in a natural arrangement. 



I.inntcui placed the Quickhntch (I'm* lutcut) among the Bears; 

 but he appears to have considered tin- <;]ntt..i, of the old continent 

 not only as a diflcient specie*, but as a different form, under tl> 



of Miuttla Gulo. This species is preceded by the M. lutru, M. lulrti, 

 M. lulreola and .V. Imrbara the latter the Galrra of Browne, Jam. (?) ; 

 and at the end of the description of M. Gulo Linwcua inquires 

 whether all these species ought not to be referred to the genus 

 Kirerro. " Cum fata mihi denegarint pnemisM species intueri vivas, 

 videant alii numne ad Viverras referri debeant; hoc suadet I.ntiv 

 statura ; hoc Gulonis factor, scansura arbortim, summa lanieua." 

 ('Syst.Nat.,'ed. : 



Baron Cuvier (1817-1829) notices the position among the Bean 

 assigned to the Glutton by Linnxus, but does not allude to its place 

 among the Mutttlte of Linnaeus, though he observes that the Gluttons 

 approach more to the Martens in their dentition as well aa in their 

 general nature, while they only show their proximity to the Bears by 

 their plantigrade feet They have, he observes, three false molars 

 above and one below in front of the carnivorous tooth (carnassiere), 

 and behind it a small tubercular tooth, which in the upper jaw is 

 wider than it is long. The upper carnivorous tooth has only one 

 small internal tubercle, and this, he remarks, in very nearly the dental 

 system of the Martens. He concludes by stating that the Gluttons 

 are animals with a moderate tail, with a fold under it in lieu of a 

 pouch, and in other respects resembling the Badgers in their 

 contour. 



Dr. J. E. Gray ('Annals of Philosophy,' 1825) divides the Vnida, 

 the second of his five families of the order Fera, into five sub- 

 families. The third of these sub-families, which he places in his 

 second section (tubercular grinder 1 1 above and below), is Gulunina, 

 and consists of the genera Gulo, Retz; Galera, Browne; Gruonia, Gray; 

 and Mellirora, Storr. 



M. Lesson (1827), in his 'Manuel,' arranges the genus Gul". 

 between the Badgers and the Hatel t.l/t/'i '../. Storr.); and he gives 

 the following definition of the genus : " Feet pentadactyle ; two 

 folds of skin, but no pouch near the vent; body more or less 

 slender (efiile), more or less elevated on the legs ; tail rather 

 short." The dental formula stated by Lesson is the same as that 

 above given. 



Dr. Fischer (1829) places Gulo between Mydaia and Ailurut. 



Mr. Swaiuson, in his ' Classification of Quadrupeds' (1835), saya, 

 " In its-general appearance and physiology the Otter is not unlike the 

 ordinary Polecats; and the resemblance is still further strengt 

 by the latter having semi-pal muted or half-webbed toes, and occa- 

 sionally frequenting the water in search of fish. On the other hand, 

 the Grisson (Orison), Gulo riltata (ritlatut), and the Taira, (i. barbura 

 (barbanu), now placed among the Gluttons, have their feet also semi- 

 palmated ; and, observes M. Cuvier, it appears they have sometimes 

 been mistaken for otters. We may thus terminate the series of the 

 iftutelina: with the genus Gulo, which, although plantigrade, appears 

 to have an affinity to the Polecats through Lutra, while at the same 

 time it may open a passage to the Badgers and Bears." In the same 

 page Mr. Swainaou writes, " It will be a question for future investi- 

 gation whether the Gluttons (Goto), the Rattels (Ratels), Raldut, and 

 the Badgers (.Wild), form the aberrant portion of the Ursine circle, 

 or whether they merely represent the Bears, and enter into the circle 

 of the Mutlelida. For the present we may consider the two last in 

 the former light, and thus pass onward to the sub-family of / 

 typically distinguished from all others of the Mtwtclidit by their 

 great size, their omnivorous diet, and their short tails." In the third 

 part of the work, "the class Mammalia, arranged according to its 

 natural affinities," Gulo is placed among the Mtutclinir, a sub-family 

 which is preceded by Viterintc ( Vireirina; 1 ), and followed by 

 Urtinte. 



The species of Gulo noted by Cuvier are : 1, the Glutton (i'rtu* 

 Gulo, not of Linnanis, as Cuvicr quotes it, but of Pallas and Gimlin) 

 of the old continent, which, Cuvier observes, does not appear to differ 

 from the Glutton of North America (i'rtui Ituctu of Linnaeus); 

 '2, the Orison ( Virerra rittuta, not, as Cuvier quotes it, of Lin 

 who has no such species of I'irrrra in hit last edition of the 'Syatema 

 Naturte,' but of Oiueliu) ; and 3, the Taira, or Tayra (Muttela larbara 

 of Linmcus). 



Lesson admits the following species of GtUoiwt : G. arctic** of 

 Demurest ; L'rna Gulo, Linn. (Ginel.), &c., the Glutton, with I'rtut 

 I incut, Linn., as a variety ; G. rittaiut of Desmarest; Yirerra > 

 Linn. ((JineL), lie., the Orison; '/'. barbatut of Desmarest; M 



' (lull limn). Linn.; the Taira, or Galera, Grand Furet, of 

 D' A/ara ; and G. oricntalu of Horsfield, Nientek of the Javanese. 



Dr. Fischer makes the recent species consist of G. arcticiu, Dcsm., 

 G. r ittatm, Desm., G. barbatut, Desm., G. lanatiu and G. CajKnnt, 

 Desrn. (the Katel), observing that this last would be better rei 

 to a distinct genus, and making "this general remark on the whole 

 generic assemblage " Qcnuo e spcciebus nimis hcterogeueis uti vidi tur 

 cniiflatum." In his addenda he introduces G. larrattu, Teinm. and 

 Hamilton Smith, and < <:>iuilton Smith. 



1 >rison has been separated into a genus, named Galiclit by Mr. 

 Bell, and (iriionia by Dr. Gray, who also distinguishes the Tayra 

 genetically under the name of Galtra, Browne ; and observes, ou the 

 occasion of defining his genus Jlcliclu ('X.o-il. I'r . .,' 1831), that the 

 Gulo oricntalii of Dr. Horsfield's 'Zoological Kesearches in Java' 

 appears to him to form a second species of the genus. 



Pallan, and after him Pennant, who both arranged tho form among 



