150 NATURE STUDY BY GRADES 



feathers? Is there any difference between the summer and 

 winter plumage of birds ? Discuss molting, etc. 



How does the plumage of the birds of the Arctic region 

 compare in warmth with that of the birds of the torrid 

 zone? Discuss the eider duck and the down obtained from 

 it. Show the fine downy feathers found in winter on our 

 own birds near the quills of the larger feathers. 



Examine a large feather, and note its use ; the use of the 

 central shaft or vein; of the barbs and barbules. Discuss 

 how and why birds preen their feathers.' Separate the barbs 

 into shreds. How would the feather now sustain the bird in 

 flight? Rub gently in the right direction until the barbs 

 again interlock and the feather is perfect, as at first. 



How are feathers placed on the bird? Discuss their lay- 

 ers, direction, overlapping, etc., and reasons. Notice also 

 the modifications for the needs of the owners, e.g. the need 

 of the duck's waterproof covering; of the owl's fluffy feathers 

 giving a silent flight, etc. 



LESSON XXV 

 ANIMAL COVERINGS FUR 



Visit a fur store. Learn to recognize the furs of various 

 animals. Secure as many samples of fur as the proprietor is 

 willing to give to the school, and get him to pin a ticket to 

 each, bearing the name of the animal from which it was 

 taken. 



Study the different processes through which the various 

 furs are taken in cleaning, tanning, coloring, and making 

 into rugs and garments. 



Note the prices of finished products and how they are 



