THE WATER-RAM. 435 



It is a hole or tunnel on the seashore, passing upwards from 

 the level of the sea to the summit of the cliff. 



When the waves are urged against the tunnel by the wind, 

 the water is dashed into it. Being partially checked by the 

 friction, which acts exactly like the water that is checked by 

 the Ram, the wave hurls itself up the channel, and flies out in 

 showers of spray, high above the level of the original wave 

 which caused it. 



In the illustration are shown the "Water-ram with its 

 globular valve, and the safety or escape valve of the waste 

 water. On the left is shown one of the natural Spout-holes, 

 with the water dashing through its tunnel into a mass of 

 spray. 



