AMERICA, 



ANGLICAN QHURCHES. 



biography prepared by him goes only to the 

 year 1848. 



AMERICA. The great event of the year in 

 North America was the Centennial Exhibition 

 in the United States, of which extensive de- 

 tails will be found elsewhere in this volume. 

 The presidential election was hotly contested, 

 and the result very close ; so that at the end 

 of the year it was not evident, in consequence 

 of disputed votes, which candidate would fill 

 the office. A sharp battle was fought between 

 a body of United States soldiers and an Indian 

 force, in which the latter were successful. 

 The commander of the soldiers, General Ous- 

 ter, with several officers, was killed. The de- 

 pression in commercial affairs continued. 



In the Canadian Dominion, some apprehen- 

 sions of a Fenian raid were entertained, but 

 they proved groundless. 



In the several Spanish-American countries, 

 war, either at home or abroad, has for the 

 most part prevailed throughout the year 1876. 

 Mexico has been the theatre of a protracted 

 and violent struggle for power between Sefior 

 Lerdo de Tejada, the constitutional President 

 of the Republic, and General Porfirio Diaz, the 

 former having been driven from the seat of 

 government, and ultimately captured by the 

 latter, who entered the capital triumphantly 

 early in the month of December. Peace had, 

 however, not been entirely reestablished at 

 the end of the year, owing to the existence of 

 a new complication which supervened shortly 

 before the downfall of the Lerdo Administra- 

 tion namely, the pronunciamiento of Iglesias, 

 President of the Supreme Court, who estab- 

 lished a new government, headed by himself, 

 at Leon, State of Guanajuato. 



A war between San Salvador and Guatemala 

 ended in the overthrow of the Valle Adminis- 

 tration, and the appointment of Sefior Rafael 

 Zaldivar as Provisional President of the first- 

 named country. 



A revolution in Honduras terminated in 

 July, 1876, in the deposition of Sefior Ponciano 

 Leiva, and the establishment of a provisional 

 government under Sefior Marcelino Mejia, 

 who was ultimately superseded by Seflor Marco 

 A. Soto. 



The boundary questions between Costa Rica 

 and Nicaragua, and between Chili and the 

 Argentine Republic, still remained open, and 

 furnished matter for warm altercation between 

 the parties concerned. 



Brazil continued in a state of enviable pros- 

 perity. 



Colombia is still the scene of hostilities com- 

 menced by the Liberals against the Govern- 

 ment toward the middle of the year. The 

 most important encounters occurred in Cauca 

 and Antioquia. Material prosperity has not, 

 however, been altogether destroyed by these 

 events, as attested by the opening of a new 

 railway line in the second of the belligerent 

 states referred to. 



In the month of October, Nicolas Pierola 



placed himself at the head of an inconsider- 

 able force against the Government of Gen- 

 eral Prado, but was promptly defeated. 



Most of the countries here enumerated were 

 worthily represented at the Philadelphia Ex- 

 hibition, where the extensive and varied dis- 

 play of their rich and curious products elicited 

 no small degree of admiration. 



ANASTASIUS GRUN. (See AUERSPERG.) 



ANDRAL, GABRIEL, a French physician and 

 author, born November 6, 1797; died February 

 13, 1876. He was appointed, in 1827, Profes- 

 sor of Hygiene in the Faculty of Paris, and 

 promoted, in 1839, to the chair of Internal 

 Pathology. Previous to this he had obtained 

 great fame by his work " Clinique Medicale," 

 which was published in four volumes. In 1839 

 he succeeded Broussais as Professor of Patholo- 

 gy and General Therapeutics. He was a very 

 diligent writer, and has, in conjunction with 

 Gavanet and Delafond, published some most 

 eminent works. Many of the productions of 

 his own pen have been translated into foreign 

 languages. 



ANGLICAN CHURCHES. The two houses 

 of the Convocation of Canterbury met at West- 

 minster, February 15th. In the Upper House 

 the Bishop of Winchester presented resolu- 

 tions which had been adopted by the Anglo- 

 Continental Society in November, 1875, invit- 

 ing the attention of the Convocations to the 

 resolutions which had been adopted at a con- 

 ference of Old Catholics and adherents of the 

 Greek, Anglican, and other communions, held 

 at Bonn, on the subject of the Procession of 

 the Holy Ghost. He moved : 



That the resolutions lately adopted at Bonn by 

 representatives of the Old Catholics, certain mem- 

 bers of the Eastern Churches and English Church, 

 and other Christian communities, concerning the 

 Eternal Procession of the Holy Ghost, be referred to 

 the Committee of the Lower House of Convocation 

 on Intercommunion with Eastern Churches. 



The Archbishop of Canterbury spoke on this 

 resolution at length. He desired most heartily 

 to see a spirit of real Christian unity through- 

 out the world. He thought it, however, of 

 more importance to look first at the divisions 

 which existed near, which separated the Church 

 from those who were allied in language, and 

 in sympathy in regard to the same love of the 

 Bible, rather than to those which existed in 

 respect to people who were at a great distance 

 locally. He could not help feeling that the 

 first great desire of every Englishman should 

 be that those who spoke the English tongue 

 and believed in the same gospel should be, as 

 far as possible, united in their efforts to pro- 

 mote their Redeemer's kingdom. Therefore, 

 he should like to begin with those who were 

 about their own doors. He regretted that im- 

 portant political questions separated the Church 

 from those with whom it was anxious to act 

 in harmony at home, and that, year by year, 

 the difficulties which stood in the way of a re- 

 union of the Nonconformist bodies with the 



