60 



BAER, KARL ERNST VON. 



BAKUNIN, MICHAEL. 



parts of the monarchy, nor anything that would 

 cause a further taxation of cis-Leithania, or an 

 injury to the credit system. 



A new commercial treaty with Roumania 

 was passed on February 27th. 



In the beginning of October the Emperor 

 created the following new life-members of the 

 Herrenhaus : The former Minister of War, 

 Baron von Koller ; ex-Governor Mamula, of 

 Dalmatia; M. Moser, the Governor of the 

 '' Boden-Credit-Anstalt ; " the Prelate Charles, 

 of the Stift Molk ; two chiefs of sections, 

 Wehli, of the Ministry of the Interior, and 

 Vesque von Puttlingen, of the Foreign Office ; 

 Stahlin, the President of the Court of Admin- 

 istration ; Napadievitch, the Ruthenian Presi- 

 dent of the Senate of the Supreme Court ; and 

 Apfaltern, Count Thun, and the Italian Pace, 

 to represent the large real-estate owners. 



The delegations of the two parts of the em- 

 pire met on May 15th, in Pesth. The Govern- 

 ment introduced the budget for the entire 

 monarchy for 1877. On the 18th the Em- 

 peror received the delegations in Pesth, and 

 in his answer to the addresses of the two 

 presidents stated that the events in the East 

 had shown him clearly the necessity of strength- 

 ening the bonds of union between the two parts 

 of the empire. He also expressed the hope 

 that the efforts of the Northern powers for 

 peace would be crowned with success. The 

 Government had proposed an additional item 

 of 7.000,000 florins in the budget of the Min- 

 istry of War. This latter proposition met with 

 considerable opposition, but the entire budget 

 as proposed by the Government was finally 

 passed. The delegations adjourned on the 

 2d of June. 



B 



BAER, KARL EKNST VON, a Russian natu- 

 ralist, born in Esthonia, February 17 (29), 

 1792; died November 29, 1876. His father 

 wished him to prepare himself for a mili- 

 tary career, but in 1810 he went to the Uni- 

 versity of Dorpat, where he studied medi- 

 cine, and graduated in 1814. He soon after 

 set out on a scientific journey through Ger- 

 many, and in Wurzburg devoted himself to the 

 study of zootomy. In 1819 he was appointed 

 Extraordinary and in 1822 Ordinary Professor 

 of Zootomy in Konigsberg, where he also 

 formed the Zoological Museum. In 1829 he 

 went to St. Petersburg as member of the Im- 

 perial Academy and Professor of Zootomy, but 

 returned to Konigsberg in 1830, where he re- 

 mained until 1834, when he again went to St. 

 Petersburg. In 1837 he was commissioned by 

 the Imperial Academy to make a voyage of 

 exploration to Lapland and Nova Zembla. 

 From this journey he brought home a large 

 number of plants, but owing to various causes 

 he was unable to execute his original project 

 of visiting the icebergs on the northern coast 

 of Nova Zembla. The results of this journey 

 he described in the Bulletin Scientifique of 

 the Imperial Academy. In 1851-'56 he was 

 commissioned by the Government to examine 

 the fisheries in Peipus Lake, in the Baltic and 

 in the Caspian. Sea, on which examination he 

 published a work of four volumes. In 1861 

 he and Rudolf Wagner called a meeting of 

 anthropologists in Gottingen. In 1862 he re- 

 signed as a member of the Academy, but was 

 immediately elected an honorary member. He 

 was the author of a large number of works, 

 of which the following are the most im- 

 portant: "De ovi mammalium et hominis 

 genesi" (1827); " Untersuchungen fiber die 

 Gefassverbindung zwischen Mutter und Frucht 

 in den Saugethieren " (1828) ; " Ueber die Ent- 



wickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, Beobach- 

 tungen und Reflexionen" (2 vols., 1828-'37: 

 this work remained unfinished ; Baer re- 

 ceived for it, in 1831, the golden rnedal of the 

 Academy of Sciences in Paris) ; " Historische 

 Fragen mit Hiilfe der Naturwissenschaften 

 beantwortet" (1874); and " Studien auf dem 

 Gebiet der Naturwissenschaften " (1874). He 

 also contributed a large number of articles to 

 Pander's Beitrage zur Naturkunde, Burdach's 

 Physiologic, Meckel and Muller's Archiv far 

 Physiologic, and to the publications of the 

 Academy of St. Petersburg. The "Kaspische 

 Studien," which appeared in the latter, were 

 published separately, and are particularly re- 

 markable as the best description of the Caspian 

 Sea. He published, together with Helmersen, 

 " Beitrage zur Kunde des Russischen Reichs" 

 (vols. i.-xvi., 1839-'73). See his " Autobiogra- 

 phy " (1866). 



BAKUNIN, MICHAEL, a Russian politician 

 and agitator, born in 1814; died July 1, 1876. 

 He was educated in the School for Cadets in 

 St. Petersburg, and, having passed his exami- 

 nation, received an appointment as ensign in 

 the artillery. He soon resigned this position, 

 in order to devote himself to philosophical 

 studies. In 1841 he went to Berlin, where he 

 became a pupil of Hegel. The following year 

 he went to Dresden, where he continued his 

 studies under Arnold Ruge, and contributed a 

 philosophical essay under the nom de plume 

 of Jules Elisard to the Deutsche JahrMcher. 

 In 1843 he went to Paris, where he kept up in- 

 timate relations with the Polish refugees. He 

 then passed to Switzerland, where he came into 

 connection with the communist and socialist 

 societies. This caused the Russian Government 

 to order him to return home, but he declined to 

 obey. In 1847 he delivered in the Polish ban- 

 quet in Paris a speech, in which he proposed 



