BALARD, ANTOINE J. 



BANbEL, JOSEPH E. VON. 61 



the simultaneous rising of the Russians and the 

 against the authority of tho Emperor. In 

 rmiM'quence of this spoorh tho Russian Gov- 

 onmu-nt Mirco-ilrtl in obtaining liis expulsion 

 from France. Having fled to Brussels, he 

 found himself in great danger in consequence 

 of a reward of 10,000 rubles offered for him 

 by the Russian Government. He returned to 

 Paris after the Revolution of February, 1848, 

 ami in June of the same year took part in the 

 Slavic Congress at Prague, and the revolution- 

 ary movements succeeding it. He then went 

 to Berlin, but soon was ordered to leave the 

 Prussian dominions. In March, 1849, he went 

 to l>ro>(U-n, whore he became one of the or- 

 ganizers and leaders of the riots of that year. 

 After their suppression he was compelled to 

 flee, and on May 10th was captured in Chem- 

 nitz, together with Ileubner. He was brought 

 to the fortress of KOnigstein, and in May, 1850, 

 was sentenced to death. His sentence was, 

 however, commuted to imprisonment for life, 

 and in June of the same year he was delivered 

 to Austria. Here he was also sentenced to 

 death, which was again changed to imprison- 

 ment for life, and he was then handed over to 

 Russia, there to be again tried for political of- 

 fenses. After having spent several years in 

 the fortress at St. Petersburg, he was trans- 

 ported to Eastern Siberia. Here he spent sev- 

 eral years as a penal colonist, and then received 

 permission from the Governor-General Korsa- 

 koff to settle in the Russian territory of the 

 Amoor. From there he succeeded in escaping 

 to Japan on an American vessel, and thence 

 he went by way of California to London. He 

 immediately resumed his political activity, in- 

 citing the Russians and the Poles in numerous 

 addresses and pamphlets to rise against the 

 Government and the nobility, and to form a 

 large Slavic federal republic. He entered into 

 communication with Alexander Herzen and 

 Ogarev, and took part in the publication of 

 the journal Kolokol ; but in the end even fell 

 out with his own party by the excess of his 

 radicalism. In 1863 he went to Stockholm, to 

 aid the expeditions against the Baltic provinces, 

 fitted out by Russians and Poles. After the 

 failure of this plan he went to Switzerland, 

 where he for some time took part in the work 

 of the " International." His attempt to create 

 in this union of working-men a secret society 

 with the object of bringing about a general 

 anarchy brought him into conflict with the 

 other leaders of the union, and in the Congress 

 of Hague, in 1872, he was with a large number 

 of his friends formally expelled from the 

 "International," since which time he has been 

 bitterly attacked in the radical press. His in- 

 fluence on the young men of Russia continued 

 for some time, but was also gone at the time 

 of his death. In 1873 a difficulty arose be- 

 tween him and Marx, and since then he ceased 

 entirely to labor for the "International," and 

 retired to private life. 



BALARD, ANTOINE .|KI:<'>MK, a French 



chemist, born September 30, 1802 ; died at the 

 close of March, 1876. He was successively 

 professor at the Royal College, at the School 

 of Pharmacy, and finally at the Faculty of 

 Sciences, in Montpellier. The discovery of 

 bromine, in 1826, gained for him great reputa- 

 tion. He was soon after called to Paris to take 

 the place of Th6nard as Professor of Chemistry 

 in the Faculty of Sciences. In 1844 he was 

 elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. 

 He was soon after appointed Master of Confer- 

 ences in the Normal School, and in 1861 suc- 

 ceeded M. P61ouze as Professor of Chemistry 

 in the College of France. Besides his discovery 

 of bromine, he made other useful and interest- 

 ing discoveries, as extracting the sulphate of 

 soda directly from the sea-water. He did not 

 write any books, but furnished a large number 

 of articles to the Annales de Physique et de 

 Chimie and to the JUemoires of the Academy 

 of Sciences. He exhibited chemical products 

 at the Universal Exhibition of London in 1861, 

 and was one of the jurors in the Exhibition of 

 Paris in 1855, and at London in 1862. In lfeG8 

 he was appointed Inspector-General of Superior 

 Instruction, and Honorary Professor in the 

 Faculty of Sciences in Paris. He was decorated 

 with the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1887, 

 was created an officer in 1855, and a commander 

 in 1863. 



BALDASSERONI, GIOVANNI, an Italicn 

 statesman, born in Leghorn in 1790; died Oc- 

 tober 19, 1876. After holding several offices 

 in the customs service in the grand-duchy cf 

 Tuscany, he was appointed administrator of 

 finances. In this position he gained the con- 

 fidence of the grand-duke to such a degree that 

 in 1845 he was appointed councilor of state, 

 and was intrusted with the actual direction of 

 the finances of the country, although he was 

 not created director of the finances until 1847. 

 In the ministerial crises of 1847 and 1848 ho 

 retained his position under all the varying 

 governments. After having been appointed 

 senator, he was compelled to retire with the 

 ministry of Ridolfi by the republican demon- 

 stration of July 30, 1848. For a time he did 

 not take part in public affairs, but on May 24, 

 1849, Leopold II. appointed him president of 

 the new conservative ministry, while at the 

 same time he took charge of the ministry of 

 finance. In this position he remained until 

 the overthrow of the grand-duke in 1859. He 

 wrote a biography of the Grand-duke Leopold 

 II. (1871). 



BANDEL, JOSEPH EBNST VON, a German 

 sculptor, born May 17, 1800; died September 

 25, 1876. He received his first instruction in 

 art in Nuremberg, and subsequently atteiuK <1 

 the Art Academy in Munich. As early aslfciO 

 he began to furnish for the Art Academy of 

 Munich well-executed works, among which a 

 statue of Charitas in marble attracted special 

 attention by its delicacy and artistic beauty. 

 Among the marble busts made by him, that 

 of King Maximilian of Bavaria was notice- 



